2016年1月20日星期三

怎样治好高血压

今年五月,我偶然在一美国销行甚 广的医药卫生杂志*Prevention*看见一篇*
「你 愿意每天花几分钟去减低血压吗?」*我当时读了两遍,照着它指示把所谓***Isometric Exercise****肌肉运动*,试行了几次,随着天天如此练习。

  当时虽半信半疑,但五星期后量血 压,发现它下降了。初读那篇文章时,我的血压是190-90;自然是太高;医师 认为只要低舒张压不超过90,不会发生危险的。实行肌肉运动第五星期,低舒张压数字已由90降到87,看起来这种治疗是有效的。信心增强以后,便不断的每日作此运动三次,也不断查出血压高低数字同步下降。

  今年五月到十一月(From May to Nov this year),血压可说是直线下降。高收缩压190-180-170-160;低舒张压数字是90-87-85-83。我于十月返台省亲,又连续量血压;最后的纪录是142-80,这对一个中老年人是很正常的。我的态度一向谨严;茍非自身有此半年实际经历,决不敢随意 作此推介。

  这个肌肉运动极轻便而又极简单; 一学即会,而且随时随地都可练习。有恒心毅力,天天行之,一个月后便可见功效!
  1)首须全身松弛而直立。
  2)两手下垂,十指伸张而不可握拳。
  3)然后用力使全身紧张,包括头、颈、胸、背、四肢、双腿及面部。
  4)同时口叫一、二、三、四、五、六后,即将全身松弛。
  5)如此一紧一松,反覆三回,即可结束。
  
 每日照此方式练习三次,最好每餐之前行之,三次合计一分半钟而已!
  
  项运动既极简单,如将此文多读一遍,必可照行,不至困难。惟正在服用降低血压丸药者,暂时 不可立即停药,只可渐减,以求两法协调。不妨与医师商谈。此种肌 肉运动疗法,仍美国三位专家包括一位名医偶然发现。那位名医因见若干老人,步履维艰,不 能作健身运动,药石失灵,只好让他们一试肌肉的一松一紧。不意练习 五星期后,个个恢复两脚行动的机能,再叫病者继续做,不出两个月,不但足疾消失,行路正 常,而且个个血压都跟着降低。
  
他于是和其他二位专家研究其中奥妙,一致承认这是治疗高血压的新发现。于是发表那篇论 文,推行于其他患高血压者。虽还不广,但至今没发生不良副作用。至于口叫「一、二、三、四、五、六」,正是要全身紧张时调剂呼吸,也有一点「练气功」的作 用。 据三位专家的看法:凡作此肌肉运动而将血压降低者,降低后,应继续行之,以求血压正常化的永恒。
  
 目前无血压问题之人,行此肌肉运动,亦可防血管硬化, 而使血脉流通。 如能戒烟酒、慎饮食,行此肌肉运动,必可减肥通血, 延年益寿。深盼读者切勿忽视。



骨质疏松并非都缺钙 喝牛奶不能防骨质疏松

骨质疏松的病因很复杂,受遗传、内分泌、生活方式、膳食营养等多方面因素影响,我国的膳食特点是钙偏低,根据现有的认识,骨骼发育成熟时骨质量峰值的大小是决定以后骨质疏松发生早晚的一个重要因素。然而,骨质疏松还跟缺乏维生素C有一定关系。
在我们身体内长期缺乏维生素C,同样会导致骨质疏松。我们知道VC可以促进胶原蛋白合成,一旦缺乏,就会导致合成障碍,这样一来就导致骨的有机质形成不良而导致骨质疏松。为什么缺乏胶原蛋白会导致骨质疏松?是因为胶原蛋白合成速度低于流失的速度,造成骨量和骨密度不足。当我们骨质疏松以后,我们在补充钙的同时,也要摄入优质的蛋白质和维生素C,促进胶原蛋白的合成。同时胶原蛋白还可以治疗骨折、抽筋等现象。
但是,千万不要认为胶原蛋白缺乏,我们就去买胶原蛋白进行补充,这样效果不会很好,因为胶原蛋白属于不完全蛋白,进入人体以后,要经过分解成氨基酸以后再合成我们人体所需要的蛋白质。而补充胶原蛋白不一定合成胶原蛋白。所以,这样补充效果不会很好。
优质蛋白质,主要含有在大豆、牛奶、鱼等一些动植物中。每天400-500毫升的牛奶,不仅能补充膳食中所需要的钙,还能补充12克到15克的优质蛋白质。
喝牛奶不能防骨质疏松
美国研究饮食与疾病关联方面权威之一的麦都果医师(JohnM.Dougall),曾做过一个世界性的大型研究、调查,提出几个事实:
乳类制品贩售的基本理由在于提供钙质。事实上,世界上有许多国家的人民,他们的饮食中并没有乳制品之存在,也未面临骨质疏松的侵害。
非洲班图妇女不喝牛奶但很少骨质疏松
摄取蛋白质越多,骨质中流失的钙质也越多。亚洲及非洲社会,在工业大发展前,牛奶乃非常罕见的食品,当时他们都具有坚强的骨骼及坚固的牙齿,所谓富裕社会的文明病,极少发生在他们身上。如非洲班图(Bantu)的妇女,在她们的日用饮食里,从来没有见过牛奶,她们钙质的来源取自蔬菜,每日提供250到400毫克钙质,钙质吸收量不及西方社会妇女的一半。班图妇女,一生当中平均生育10个子女,每个孩子都是亲自哺乳10个月。即使如此,骨质疏松症几乎不曾见到过。
相当有趣的是,假使班图妇女移民或迁徙到其他西方国家,并且改变他们的饮食状况,改以文明饮食(所谓高蛋白质、高糖分、高油脂、高盐)为主时,骨质疏松症及牙齿的毛病就变成稀松平常了!
美国人英国人乳制品消耗多骨质疏松常见
医学界及公共卫生学家们在全世界做广泛研究后发现,骨质疏松症最常见之国家为美国、英国、瑞典、芬兰,他们也正是乳类制品消耗最多量的国家。相对地,骨质疏松症极少见于乳制品消耗量最低的国家,如亚洲及非洲。在美国受到骨质疏松症侵害者,大约有1.5亿~2亿人口,然而美国人民的乳制品消耗量也是世界第一位。
爱斯基摩人吃蛋白质最多但20岁就驼背
由此可见,饮食中钙质足够与否,并非骨质疏松症之诱因,骨质疏松症与蛋白质消耗量多少有直接关联。爱斯基摩人给我们很精彩的实例,因为地理环境使然,他们的饮食含有全世界最高的蛋白质———每天250~400克,取自鱼、海象、鲸鱼等,钙质摄取量也是世界最高———每天超过2000毫克,取自鱼骨头及肉类,他们的骨质疏松症发生率是世界之冠,20岁就弯腰驼背者比比皆是。相对地,非洲班图人民,每天摄入蛋白质仅47克,钙质仅400毫克,未闻有骨质疏松症。
除了蛋白质外,还有其他促成骨质疏松症的因素,其中之一就是酸性物质比例太高,为了保持血液酸碱平衡,维持弱碱性,骨质必然要“抽取”更多的钙质。此外,缺乏运动、停经、喝可乐等均为骨质疏松症的致病因素。

2016年1月18日星期一

Always Hungry? Here’s Why

By DAVID S. LUDWIG and MARK I. FRIEDMANMAY 16, 2014

FOR most of the last century, our understanding of the cause of obesity has been based on immutable physical law. Specifically, it’s the first law of thermodynamics, which dictates that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. When it comes to body weight, this means that calorie intake minus calorie expenditure equals calories stored. Surrounded by tempting foods, we overeat, consuming more calories than we can burn off, and the excess is deposited as fat. The simple solution is to exert willpower and eat less.

The problem is that this advice doesn’t work, at least not for most people over the long term. In other words, your New Year’s resolution to lose weight probably won’t last through the spring, let alone affect how you look in a swimsuit in July. More of us than ever are obese, despite an incessant focus on calorie balance by the government, nutrition organizations and the food industry.

But what if we’ve confused cause and effect? What if it’s not overeating that causes us to get fat, but the process of getting fatter that causes us to overeat?

The more calories we lock away in fat tissue, the fewer there are circulating in the bloodstream to satisfy the body’s requirements. If we look at it this way, it’s a distribution problem: We have an abundance of calories, but they’re in the wrong place. As a result, the body needs to increase its intake. We get hungrier because we’re getting fatter.

It’s like edema, a common medical condition in which fluid leaks from blood vessels into surrounding tissues. No matter how much water they drink, people with edema may experience unquenchable thirst because the fluid doesn’t stay in the blood, where it’s needed. Similarly, when fat cells suck up too much fuel, calories from food promote the growth of fat tissue instead of serving the energy needs of the body, provoking overeating in all but the most disciplined individuals.

We discuss this hypothesis in an article just published in JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. According to this alternative view, factors in the environment have triggered fat cells in our bodies to take in and store excessive amounts of glucose and other calorie-rich compounds. Since fewer calories are available to fuel metabolism, the brain tells the body to increase calorie intake (we feel hungry) and save energy (our metabolism slows down). Eating more solves this problem temporarily but also accelerates weight gain. Cutting calories reverses the weight gain for a short while, making us think we have control over our body weight, but predictably increases hunger and slows metabolism even more.

Consider fever as another analogy. A cold bath will lower body temperature temporarily, but also set off biological responses — like shivering and constriction of blood vessels — that work to heat the body up again. In a sense, the conventional view of obesity as a problem of calorie balance is like conceptualizing fever as a problem of heat balance; technically not wrong, but not very helpful, because it ignores the apparent underlying biological driver of weight gain.

This is why diets that rely on consciously reducing calories don’t usually work. Only one in six overweight and obese adults in a nationwide survey reports ever having maintained a 10 percent weight loss for at least a year. (Even this relatively modest accomplishment may be exaggerated, because people tend to overestimate their successes in self-reported surveys.) In studies by Dr. Rudolph L. Leibel of Columbia and colleagues, when lean and obese research subjects were underfed in order to make them lose 10 to 20 percent of their weight, their hunger increased and metabolism plummeted. Conversely, overfeeding sped up metabolism.

For both over- and under-eating, these responses tend to push weight back to where it started — prompting some obesity researchers to think in terms of a body weight “set point” that seems to be predetermined by our genes.

But if basic biological responses push back against changes in body weight, and our set points are predetermined, then why have obesity rates — which, for adults, are almost three times what they were in the 1960s — increased so much? Most important, what can we do about it?

As it turns out, many biological factors affect the storage of calories in fat cells, including genetics, levels of physical activity, sleep and stress. But one has an indisputably dominant role: the hormone insulin. We know that excess insulin treatment for diabetes causes weight gain, and insulin deficiency causes weight loss. And of everything we eat, highly refined and rapidly digestible carbohydrates produce the most insulin.

By this way of thinking, the increasing amount and processing of carbohydrates in the American diet has increased insulin levels, put fat cells into storage overdrive and elicited obesity-promoting biological responses in a large number of people. Like an infection that raises the body temperature set point, high consumption of refined carbohydrates — chips, crackers, cakes, soft drinks, sugary breakfast cereals and even white rice and bread — has increased body weights throughout the population.

One reason we consume so many refined carbohydrates today is because they have been added to processed foods in place of fats — which have been the main target of calorie reduction efforts since the 1970s. Fat has about twice the calories of carbohydrates, but low-fat diets are the least effective of comparable interventions, according to several analyses, including one presented at a meeting of the American Heart Association this year.

A recent study by one of us, Dr. Ludwig, and his colleagues published in JAMA examined 21 overweight and obese young adults after they had lost 10 to 15 percent of their body weight, on diets ranging from low fat to low carbohydrate. Despite consuming the same number of calories on each diet, subjects burned about 325 more calories per day on the low carbohydrate than on the low fat diet — amounting to the energy expended in an hour of moderately intense physical activity.

Another study published by Dr. Ludwig and colleagues in The Lancet in 2004 suggested that a poor-quality diet could result in obesity even when it was low in calories. Rats fed a diet with rapidly digesting (called high “glycemic index”) carbohydrate gained 71 percent more fat than their counterparts, who ate more calories over all, though in the form of slowly digesting carbohydrate.


哈佛专家说你错了 胖并非因为吃太多

谈到减肥,戴维·路德维希(David Ludwig)经常会打这么一个比方:人体可不是个烤箱哟。如果是烤箱的话,那我们不管吃何种食物都无关紧要,而且计算热量卡路里数会是最有效的减肥方法。
  
路德维希博士是哈佛大学公共卫生学院(Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health)的肥胖症专家和营养学教授,他认为,人要是吃错了东西,就会引发激素紊乱,陷入“想吃—饥饿—暴饮暴食”的恶性循环,结果就是体重开始增加。在其新书《总觉得饿吗?》(Always Hungry?)中,他提出,如今,肥胖症的主要原因并非是摄入了过多的热量本身,而是食用了过量的高升糖指数食物,如糖、精制谷物和其他经加工的碳水化合物等。
  
近日,我们采访了路德维希博士,请他谈谈哪些食物是“脂肪细胞的肥料”,为什么他认为关于减肥的传统观念全是错的,以及减肥的长期策略等。以下是我们的对话节录。
  
问:请问你这本新书的主旨是什么?

答:这本书的基本前提是,并非是暴饮暴食让你发胖,而是发胖的过程会令你过量进食。这听起来可能有些过激,但我们可以毫不夸张地说,最近一个世纪以来的科学足以支持这一观点。那些要我们减少热量摄入的告诫其实起了反作用。一旦热量摄入减少,我们的身体就会做出反应,一方面增加饥饿感,另一方面则减缓新陈代谢的速度。也就是说,它在尽可能地节约热量。正因为此,人们往往会发现在坚持标准的低热量饮食时,减肥变得越来越困难了。在这场意志与新陈代谢之间的斗争中,我们注定会是失败者。
  
问:但是,人们不是一直都在说,肥胖是因为吃得太多造成的么?难道事实并非如此?
  
答:我们总觉得肥胖是一种过剩,但它实际上更近似饥饿的状态。如果脂肪细胞总是过度地储存热量,大脑就得不到足够的热量来确保新陈代谢正常运行。为了解决这个问题,大脑让我们产生了饥饿感,于是我们吃下了超量的食物,暂时感觉好过了一些。但如果脂肪细胞继续囤积过多的热量,我们就会被困在无休无止的“暴饮暴食—体重增加”的循环当中。所以问题并不在于脂肪细胞中的热量过多,而是血液中的热量太少。这就是靠减少热量摄入无法成功减肥的原因。
  
问:这与将减肥归结为热量收支的传统观念有很大差异呢。
  
答:是啊。我们可以拿“试图用冰浴退烧”来做个类比。想像一下,你因为发高烧而去医院就诊,医生跟你说:“发烧只是热平衡的问题——体内热量过多,散热不足。”从物理学的角度来看,这倒是也没错——于是医生决定让你接受冰浴。暂时看来,这当然会有效,冰浴确实能让你的体温降低。但是,请想像一下接下来会发生什么。你的身体很快会对低温环境做出反击,你剧烈颤抖,血管收缩,你觉得苦不堪言,渴望尽快从那冰浴中逃离。所以,医生根本不会把冰浴作为退烧的常用治疗手法。
  
问:那么,仍然借用这个类比来说,你认为应如何针对病因加以治疗呢?
  
答:利用阿司匹林等药物降低体温调定点是较为有效的方法。正如你想要退烧,就要治疗发烧的根本原因一样,当你食用正确的食物时,生物学规律就会自然而然地帮你减肥。
  
问:如果肥胖的根本原因不是暴饮暴食,那又是什么呢?
  
答:是近40年来我们的低脂肪但碳水化合物非常高的饮食,它会提高胰岛素的水平,促使脂肪细胞过度储存热量。我喜欢把胰岛素称为脂肪细胞的首要增肥剂。
  
当I型糖尿病刚刚出现时,病患的身体因为无法制造出足够的胰岛素,血糖总是很高。他们几乎无一例外都非常消瘦。虽然他们每天可摄入多达5000卡路里的热量,体重仍在不断地减轻。没有足够的胰岛素,你就长不胖。反之亦然。要是你给某个糖尿病患者注射了过量的胰岛素,他就会不可避免地增加体重。胰岛素促使身体存储热量,这些热量大多会以脂肪的形式储存在脂肪细胞里。如果你体内的胰岛素过多,你就会储存过多的热量。这些都已经得到了科学的充分证实。
  
问:那要如何才能降低肥胖症患者的胰岛素水平呢?
  
答:降低胰岛素的最快办法是少吃经加工的碳水化合物,并均衡摄入蛋白质和脂肪。其实,高脂肪饮食是改变新陈代谢的最迅速的方法。它可以降低胰岛素水平,让脂肪细胞不再忙于囤积脂肪,人就摆脱了“饥饿—食欲—暴饮暴食”的怪圈。
  
问:这么说,你崇尚阿特金斯饮食(Atkins diet)?
  
答:不,我推荐的减肥方案与之不同。阿特金斯饮食是碳水化合物含量非常低的饮食。在典型的阿特金斯饮食中,你不能吃太多的水果,更遑论其他的碳水化合物。很多人并不需要——而且很可能也不愿意维持这样严格的低碳水化合物饮食。我认为,只要你没有II型糖尿病之类非常严重的代谢问题,一般无需执行这种限制太多的治疗方案。
  
问:那你的治疗方案是怎样的?
  
答:我们的治疗方案分为三个阶段。首先,我们要求人们在两周内完全不食用经加工的碳水化合物、添加糖和所有的谷物制品。你可以吃碳水化合物,但应该选择各种非淀粉类蔬菜、水果和豆类。两周后,你可以在膳食中添加全粒谷物、薯类(土豆除外)和一点点的添加糖。请坚持这样的饮食,直到你的体重下降到一个新的、较低的调定点上。这可能需要几个星期,对于体重问题较为严重的人甚至需要数个月的时间。
  
问:你对饱和脂肪怎么看?
  
答:我认为,整个公共卫生界正逐渐认识到饱和脂肪并非公共健康的头号公敌——但它也未必是健康食品。饱和脂肪有很多不同的种类,每种对人体各有不同的影响。不过,当你减少经加工的碳水化合物的摄入量,胰岛素水平下降后,你燃烧摄入的饱和脂肪的速度就会加快,它就不会一直赖在你的身体里。
  
我们不应再单纯地考虑饱和脂肪是好是坏。我们的膳食计划的基础是全天然食品,其中包括了饱和脂肪。但必须确保我们在摄入饱和脂肪的同时,摄入大量的单不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪,如橄榄油、坚果、鳄梨和亚麻籽油,让这两者之间达到均衡。
  
问:最后,你希望读者从这本书中学到什么?
  
答:脂肪细胞过度囤积热量是我们体重增加的根本原因,如果不能解决这个问题,我们就注定要在意志与新陈代谢之间的战斗中一败涂地。减少热量摄入达不到这个目标,它不会改变你的生理状态;而要改变生理状态,你必须改变你的食物种类。

This ‘natural green-tea extract’ diet fad is poison

A popular supplement may be destroying your liver…

More and more reports are popping up in the media about individuals taking products with green-tea extract (like some diet pills) and suffering liver damage or complete liver failure.

You may have heard about the teenage boy a few years ago who experienced liver failure – and nearly needed a liver transplant – after taking concentrated green tea extract to burn fat. His chest, face, and eyes were “almost highlighter yellow,” according to the pediatric resident who treated him.

Hospitals report that dietary supplements like green-tea extract account for about 20% of all drug-related liver diseases.

Read that again… dietary supplements make up 20% of drug-related liver diseases. The use of supplements is on the rise in the U.S. Americans spend more than $30 billion per year on nutritional supplements, according to the Nutritional Business Journal. From 2005 to 2014, the supplement industry has grown 85%.

Despite the size of the industry, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate dietary supplements. So you can’t be sure of their safety.

Green tea contains molecules called catechins. In brewed tea, the catechins are at a safe, diluted level.

However, extracts can contain high concentrations of catechins, which can cause liver damage. The severity of liver damage also worsens when you take green-tea extract on an empty stomach, possibly because the catechins interact with glucose.

So dieters popping these pills while starving themselves are at a much higher risk of liver damage. If you or someone you know is taking green-tea extract, throw it out immediately.

Instead, do what I do… Avoid fad pills and enjoy a cup of brewed green tea instead.

Research shows that drinking five to seven cups of this healthy brew a week provides incredible health benefits.

The only problem is that the flavor is simultaneously strong and subtle. It takes some people a while to get used to it. But I can tell you from personal experience that drinking tea is a relaxing and refreshing activity.

In addition to recharging and balancing the body… the real benefit comes from the health-giving chemicals found in green tea.

Green tea is calorie-free, lowers cholesterol, fights cancer, and keeps immune systems strong. Green tea leaves are processed in a way that preserves many of the nutrients known to provide its health benefits.

One final thought to consider… for best results (both for flavor and health benefits), you should drink green tea freshly brewed after allowing it to steep for three to five minutes.

True green-tea aficionados choose the loose leaves and a tea infuser over the prepackaged kind. The health benefits of loose green tea are much greater, due to the quality of the leaves. However, some great (and more convenient) green teas come in bag form.

Here’s how I take my tea…

I prefer tea bags over loose-leaf tea. One of my favorite brands is Bigelow.
I prefer Japanese sencha and jasmine flavors.
I buy and drink green teas that include other flavors from flowers and plants to moderate the sometimes-strong flavor of the green tea.
In the summer, I cook up a pot of tea and boil cranberries in another pot. Then I combine the liquids in a pitcher in the refrigerator for a delicious and naturally sweet iced tea. Year-round, I use a bit of honey to sweeten my tea.
Also, sipping tea can be the perfect time to sit quietly and meditate… even if for just 10-15 minutes a day. The relaxation response triggered with meditation is great for longevity, and combining it with sipping green tea could be a potent way to fight stress and disease.

2016年1月12日星期二

加国Condo投资:入场容易退场难!

本文的题头乍看上去像是在赌场的牌桌上打牌,和Condo投资有什么关系?让我们先了解一下本文的主角们吧:

   1,庄家:Condo开发商(以项目运作为手段,盈利为目的的资本运作人)

   2,发牌人:地产经纪及地产销售员(以赚取佣金为谋生手段的推销员)

   3,专业玩家:专业Condo投资者(理解Condo投资原理, 通过实现长期持有物业增值,同时实现租金回报而获利的专业投资人)

   4,业余玩家:业余Condo投机者(手上有点余钱,自我感觉多伦多地产形势大好,炒个Condo一定能赚钱,但并不真正了解Condo投资原理的普通人)

   要想用一个相对通俗的方法来客观而且形象地描述一个不断变化的市场, 其实是一件不太容易的事情。借牌局来比喻现在Condo市场上的变化,可能不太恰当, 但多少有一些神似。笔者在多伦多投资 Condo有年头了,多年来写下的Condo投资基本原理估计看过的人不少。枯燥的原理总没有形象地表述更让人容易理解。 让我们就借用牌局来讲一讲在即将过去的2014年,多伦多Condo市场上都发生了些什么有意思的变化。

   牌局还是那些牌局,但玩家群的素质整体下降

   笔者在多伦多投资地产十几年中,见证了多少个牌局的开盘和洗牌,经历了几轮Condo市场的起起伏伏。笔者的切身体会就是,无论市场好坏,在牌局上亏钱的通常就是那些先是过于乐观,无知无畏进场,而后失去耐心,慌慌张张退场的业余玩家们。所以,要想在牌局上有所斩获,不能只靠运气,无时无刻都需要知识、经验、信息和眼光。笔者除了自己谨慎行事,随时还得提醒身边的玩家们, 一定要居安思危。在Condo投资的牌局中,要想现在和以后不被市场所淘汰,是需要定力的。小心行得万年船。

   专业的玩家总是希望市场越健康平稳越好。我们判断Condo整体市场是否健康,除了要看供需是否基本平衡以外,还要看两个方面: 1,自住型购买者和投资性购买者的比例;2,在投资性购买者中,懂行的投资者(专业玩家)和盲目投机者(业余玩家)的比例,姑且称之为玩家群的素质。十几年投资的经验告诉笔者:我们不必担心在开始购买楼花的时候,自住型购买者和投资性购买者的比例如何。因为本身自住型购买者购买4年以后才交房的期房的比例根本就不会高。有多少人会想到为自己买一个4到5年以后才能入住的房子。谁能肯定自己4年以后的工作和生活没有大的改变呢? 所以,可以肯定的是,Condo期房的购房者中,绝大多数都是玩家,这个玩家群的素质如何,会直接影响到Condo投资市场的健康度或抗风浪的程度。

   笔者认为:2014年玩家群的素质下降,主要表现在两个方面:

   一方面,新入场的专业玩家少了,业余玩家越来越多。业余玩家的主要表现在:容易被忽悠,被误导,进错牌局选错牌:2014年多伦多新设的牌局中,出现了各色庄家,有的庄家完全就没有什么经验和背景。但是这些庄家永远不缺替其宣传鼓动的人。牌桌上庄家请来的发牌人在这几年也越来越多了。就像林子大了什么鸟都有,有的发牌人刚拿到发牌执照, 管他什么庄家, 只要请他发牌他就去,有佣金就都是好庄家。
于是一时间在多伦多的报纸、电台、网站、微信、微博、Facebook等等一切人们可能接触到的媒体及社交工具中出现了大量的“好牌局”。新的发牌手不知者无畏,这还可以原谅。有些老资格的发牌人可是老江湖了,什么都明白,可一样做着指鹿为马,挂羊头卖狗肉的吆喝。有些庄家就更厉害了,手上有一些个烂牌局,几乎谁上手谁倒霉的牌局,同时还有一些能给部分玩家有利可图的牌局。两种牌局一好一坏。这庄家可不是吃素的,竟然给一众发牌人交代了,你们谁给我先把难出手的牌局整出去了,谁才有资格在好卖座的牌桌上发牌。差的不卖, 好的没份儿!好家伙,这个玩法笔者可从来没见过,只好敬而远之。这些不负责任的推销,最容易忽悠的就是不了解实际情况的海外买家或刚刚到多伦多的留学生。
   

   2014年,业余玩家中不乏海外的玩家。记得今年就有新进的发牌手在一些媒体上表示,仅通过现在最流行的微信就能在一个项目上卖掉几十套Condo,买Condo的玩家们大部分都不长期住在加拿大, 有的来都没有来过多伦多。笔者一直以来反对从众心理支配下的盲目投机行为,总是希望明白投资原理的本地专业玩家越多越好。有些海外玩家们只知道加拿大是个好地方,多伦多市中心是个风水宝地,其他基本不懂。不知道什么是合理的租售比,哪个开发商是可靠的,哪些房子才是性价比高的。更要命的是, 他们不会知道,加拿大的5大银行为了防止可能出现的地产泡沫,可能会在未来对外国人的投资房贷款的大门关上。等要洗牌(交房)了,他们只能借较高利率的贷款或付清全部房款。这种没能力交割或不打算长期持有的业余玩家越少越好。

   另一方面,大量业余玩家出现在市场上的另一明显趋势就是:2014年以后的Condo投资市场上,有一个前所未有的现象:那就是将会有大量已经在牌局中的业余玩家在洗牌前想提前退场。直白地说,就是会有许多的玩家在Condo楼花交割产权前,需要寻找新的买家转让出自己手上的楼花。虽然这对专业玩家们来说,何尝不是一次洗牌抄底的机会。但笔者更想在此费一些笔墨提醒想要提前退场的玩家们:要洗牌了, 你准备好如何退场了吗?

   洗牌前的退场:楼花转让到底是怎么回事

   要洗牌了, 就意味着玩家们几年前上牌桌时下注拿的牌,即开发商签下的期房合约就要交割产权了。所谓的楼花转让–Assignment,就是将自己以前在开发商处签约购买的尚未交割产权的期房合约转卖给第三方。

   有些期房投资者,在跟开发商签署期房购房合同以后,就有意在房屋产权交割以前找到下家,加价出售。 而有另一些投资人和购房用来自住的消费者, 也是由于价格上可能的优惠,有意寻找这样的楼花转让机会。部分期房Condo,发展商容许将期房合约在产权交割前转让给第三方,但在转名名时收取转名费(Assignment Fee)。同时对转让发生的允许时间也有相应的规定;而又有一些地产开发商, 在签署的原始合约中明文规定, 此合同在产权交割前, 不允许转让。如果第二个转手买家和第一个买家之间的转手协议没有通过开发商,也就是房屋买卖的原始卖方的同意,在开发商那里登记转名, 就属于笔者所指的楼花黑市转让的范畴了。由于篇幅限制,在这里我们只谈楼花的合法转让,不讨论楼花黑市转让。
牌桌上提前退场的约束条件及代价:转让楼花会遇到的困难

   不是笔者危言耸听, 在Condo期房投资这个牌桌上,入场容易退场难。原始的玩家如果在刚上牌桌的时候,即当初和开发商签署期房购买合同的时候, 如果当时的发牌员给你说:庄家很够意思,你可以随时赚了钱退场。这个合同可以转让的。如果你简单的理解为不想要这个楼花的时候可以随时很容易的转卖的话,那你就把问题想地太简单了。要想真正地将手中的楼花转出去,你一定会碰到下面几个问题:

   1,如果说转卖楼花就是卖一个房子,你通过什么渠道打广告找买家?

   一般人都知道,在多伦多卖房子最有效的市场营销渠道就是找地产经纪人把房子的信息放在地产局的多重售房信息系统MLS上, 二手房的买卖几乎都是通过这个系统广而告之的。但Assignment的信息是不被允许放在MLS系统上做广告的。主要两个原因:一,房屋在产权交割之前,楼花的产权还属于开发商,只有产权的持有者才能将房屋出售信息放在MLS上;二,在所有的期房买卖合同中, 开发商都会明文规定,不允许购房者在产权交割前将售房信息放上MLS,否则开发商有权作废合同,没收已交的定金。所以想转让楼花的人(Assignor)就必须自己找渠道打广告, 或找到专门从事转楼花的经纪人用专业有效的渠道找到感兴趣接手楼花的人(Assignee)。

   2,如果找到了愿意接手的买家,用什么价格转让楼花呢?

   在2004年到2008期间,多伦多一些黄金地段的Condo每年是以超过12%的增幅价格上涨的。如果楼花的转让发生在是在2008上半年,原始买家即使用比当时市场价低很多的价格转让2004年或2005年购买的楼花,Assignor都会赚很多利润。在之后的2009年到2011年之间的Condo市场的增幅和当时的House的市场增幅相近,保持在每年6-8%之间,2011年之后, Condo价格的涨幅略低,在3-5%之间。随着涨幅的减缓,2015年想要转让4年前买的楼花,你还有一点利润,当然还要看你是在哪一轮买的什么地方,什么样的楼花。

   如果你想转让的是一两年前购买的楼花,扣掉市场营销的费用,相信一定是要亏钱的,保本的可能性不大。由于从2014年开始,Condo市场已经进入价格滞涨时期,你2014年购买的楼花要想在交房前转让,扣掉转让成本,大的盈利可能性不大, 还是要看你具体的项目,地点及户型。

   对期房交割产权之前的Assignment来说,我们还要客观地分析潜在的接手人会是什么人。大多数普通投资人及自住房购买者都会选择要不从开发商处直接购买房屋,开发商售楼部有样板房可以看,购买时更放心;亦或直接选择二手房,可以看实际的房子,办理购房手续也简单的多。其实只有两种人愿意考虑接手楼花:一种就是专业玩家,找机会抄底,从别人手里割肉的人。另一种就是自住型买家, 钟情于某一个地段或某一户型,同时又不想再等很长时间就能住进崭新的房子的最终消费者。期房在交割产权以前转让,买房者能不能看到实际的房子也是很重要的。一般来说,只看图纸不用实际看房的买家是投资型的专业玩家,价钱给的不会高。 而愿意出相对高一点的价钱的自住型买家通常是要求现房,即可入住或一定要看到现房, 才决定是否买。当然个别情况除外。如果你碰见了后者, 你就是非常的幸运了。反过来, 如果你真的房子不转让就无法交割产权,前面的定金打水漂了的话,碰见能帮你减少一点损失的人,你也只能割肉了。现实将是残酷的。
房屋的交易价格除了与宏观的市场供求关系及市场氛围有关,更直接的和微观上的本地区甚至同一栋大楼的供求关系相关联。期房在交房的时所有的房子都是空的,除少量当时买房就是为了自主的买家外,大量房屋都要求租或者求售。由于短时间内如此大量的房屋供应量上市,投资者必须做一个选择:要不打时间差;要不打价格差。最佳的选择是卖房打时间差,不去凑热闹,在卖不掉好价钱的时候卖房;租房打价格差,第一年租金价格比被人便宜$100/月又何妨呢, 一年也就便宜了$1200.00。等第二年微观房屋供应量稳定了再回到市场价也不迟。如果你不得已打不了时间差,交房前必须要把手上的烫手山芋转让出去,形势不利于你,就只能选择压价卖房了。要想提前退场,一定是要成本的。

   3,找到了买家,是不是就一定能转让了呢?

   答案是不一定。即使你费了九牛二虎之力终于找到了一个愿意接手的买家,你还是要通过开发商办理转让手续。按惯例来说, 如果原始买家的购买合同是在开发商公开销售阶段自己走到售楼中心直接和开发商售楼人员签署的合约,而自己又不是很懂Condo买卖的话, 通常开发商是不会在合同里主动加上允许做Assignment条款的。

   即使是在VIP销售阶段,开发商促销给了允许转让的优惠条款, 但是这个允许的转让一定是有条件的。通常是规定了允许转让的时间;同时还会规定如果该项目所有单位没售出到90%以上或你所购买的户型开发商还没有售完,也是不会允许转让的;最终还会有一个不用任何解释的前提条件, 就是开发商有根据具体情况拒绝转让的权利。当然在向开发商申请转让签字时,原始买家不能拖欠应付的定金, 同时接手的买家还要提供贷款的资信证明等。

   所以笔者在实际代理处理期房转让事务前,建议出让方一定要确认, 开发商是否有一整套完整的程序允许转让。

   4,转让文件的准备和签署是一个复杂而且繁琐的过程

   不同于二手房的买卖。转让楼花的《转让意向合同书》内容的准备非常的繁琐。其工作量是二手房买卖合同准备的工作量的三倍以上。 二手房买卖只需要确定一个交割日(Closing Date)。在这一天律师负责同时交割产权及钥匙, 简单利落。而期房转让就不同了,这里可能牵涉到的重要日期有4个:什么时候双方到开发商处办理《开发商同意转让文件》的签署,如何办理签字手续;什么时候原始买家可以拿钥匙;什么时候接手的买家从原始买家处拿钥匙并可以入住;什么时候产权交割。
   

   与之对应的还有一个繁琐的房款支付安排,这里面牵涉到原始买家的原始买入价是多少;双方商议的楼花转让的转让价是多少;原始买家已经支付给开发商的定金是多少;接手买家应该在签署转让意向合同时的定金是多少;这些款项都应该在什么时候支付;在交钥匙时, 接手买家应该给原始买家的钱是多少, 应该给开发商的钱是多少;在交产权的时候, 接手买家应该给原始买家的钱是多少, 应该给开发商的钱又是多少;以上所有款项的数目及支付时间,都得在《转让意向合同书》中标明。买卖双方的讨价还价,绝对不仅仅局限在对房屋价格的商谈,更要涉及上面这些具体问题的谈判。
由于合同牵涉到三方, 那么三方在房屋的产权完全交割之前的权利和义务也相对要复杂的多。这里面有一个非常重要的概念,很多人是不知道的:即使在楼花出让方和楼花接手方在开发商处办理好了买家更名手续,原始买家对原始合同的履行截止到房屋产权交割之日都一直负有连带责任。这是Condo Act法律明文规定的。也就是说,如果接手的买家在期房产权交割时交不了房,开发商同样有权找回原始的买家承担房屋交割责任。

   玩家提前退场的代价:转让楼花的成本及税务处理

   由于综上所述的原因,楼花的转让本身绝不是一件容易的事。当你想转让楼花抽身退出时, 你可能会发现:可能很多发牌手/经纪人其实根本不完全清楚这里面的弯弯绕绕。这不能怪他们, 因为在多伦多地产局的执照考试和职业培训教程里根本就没有这些内容。很多情况下,知道其中沟沟坎坎的经纪人是不想轻易揽下这种吃力不讨好的活儿的。而愿意揽下这个活儿的,可能碍于面子推不掉帮帮你的义务,因为当初帮你买的, 当时答应了也帮你转让的;还有一些愿意揽下这个活的,就是新手,闲着也是闲着,有事做总比比没活儿干要强。他们压根儿就不知道,这活儿到底麻烦不麻烦。

   笔者建议:只要能撑的过去,在未来两年里尽量在牌局里呆着,把房子租出去,打好手上的牌不要轻言提前退场;熬不住了, 一定要提前退场的,就要准备好你的代价。天下没有免费的服务,市场营销成本是绝对小不了,开发商收取的同意转让手续费具体是多少,就得好好查查你的原始买卖合同了,一般约$3,000至$5,000外加HST。 有时即使开发商免掉了所谓的合同转让费Assignment Fee,但是办理合同转让手续需付给开发商律师的费用:$600-$800加HST是肯定免不掉的。当然, 你自己请的律师也是要收取一定费用的。

2016年1月11日星期一

为何欧美富翁的太太多半不是美女?

2006年美国税务局的统计显示,纽约华尔街三十多万员工的年平均收入超过30万。我在华尔街前后工作了十几年,知道这个统计数字所言不虚。我周围年收入超过50万美金的同事多如牛毛,超过百万年薪的也随处可见。其实这些高收入的同事们也不过是“打工仔”而已。纽约是全球几百家大公司的总部所在地,扳起手指数数有多少老板们,就可以想象纽约有多少亿万富翁了。可见,在纽约“坐拥一千万美金只能算中产”,的确没错儿。

纽约更是美女如云的地方。华尔街公司的女秘书们,哪一个都不比好莱坞的女明星差。“水往低处流,人往高处走”,既然纽约的亿万富翁多如牛毛,殷实人家不计其数,按说“Beauty and the Beast”—— “郎财女貌”,富翁娶美女该是顺理成章的事情。但据我多年观察下来,富翁的老婆多数不是美女;而想嫁富翁的美女也很难如愿以偿。

94年我刚进入华尔街不久,我的部门经理、西班牙裔老美Juan(发“黄”音)在华尔街对面的“布鲁克林高地”买了套百万公寓。乔迁之喜,他请同事们到新居开Party。“黄”一表人材,30岁刚出头。虽然在美国不能打听收入,但华尔街大投行的部门经理,年收入随行就市至少30万美元。从平时的聊天得知,他已经结婚几年,有一个孩子。我想他的太太一定很漂亮吧。那天去他家,一个相貌平平的黑人大嫂开的门,我说是来参加Party的,她欢迎我进去,还问我是 “史蒂夫(我英语名Steven)吗?我心想她大概是“黄”家的保姆。进去后,“黄”一作介绍,才知道她就是“黄”的太太珍妮。

珍妮虽然相貌平平,可她是“黄”大学里的同学,哈佛的高材生。据“黄”讲,珍妮不但才智超人,读书时,尽管课业繁忙,她仍经常挤出时间做义工,有时去病童医院给孩子们讲故事;有时到老人公寓陪孤老上街散步,“黄”爱上了极具爱心的她。娶了珍妮之后,家庭后方稳定,“黄”的事业蒸蒸日上。

自从见到了珍妮之后,我便“小心翼翼”,但凡参加这样的Party,别乱猜测谁是谁,听主人介绍后再打招呼为好。

我的朋友玉芬,因为老公有了外遇,快毕业时离婚了,两个孩子都归她。那时我想,这下她可惨了,徐娘半老,又无风韵,还带着两个孩子,今后恐怕只能找个老头儿相伴了。没想到半年后就接到了她的结婚请柬。在她的婚礼上,我又一次跌破了眼镜,原来她嫁了个老美——理查德,小伙子帅极了,人高马大的,乍一看还真像汤姆克鲁斯!而且是“初婚”,还比她小了两岁,是华尔街的交易员,每年至少赚50万美元。

细想下来,玉芬虽然外表一般,岁数大些,还带着孩子。可她不仅像西方妇女那样特立独行,在职场上勇于进取;而且开朗活泼,经常带着孩子打网球,理查德就是在球场上认识她的。她做得一手好菜,理查德是意大利后裔,一吃她烧的菜便想起了他的母亲。看来张爱玲说得不错,要拴住男人的心,首先得拴住男人的胃。

我在纽约读书那会儿,同学中单身的中国女生有六个,不怕她们骂我,在我的眼里,这六个人不仅没一个称得上美女,有两个连中等姿色都够不上,还都上了点儿岁数。她们都说自己在国内是老大难——“高不成低不就”;父母每天唠叨,亲友们不断追问,一逮着机会就拖着她们到处相亲,真是不胜其烦,出国是她们摆脱烦恼的一大动机。有意思的是,国内的老大难,一到美国都成了“香饽饽”,和玉芬一样,后来一个个嫁得如意郎君,清一色的老美,个个年轻英俊,虽不大富大贵,也都是高收入专业人士,前途无可限量。

谈了我们普通人,再来看富翁们的婚恋吧。

好莱坞大亨伍迪埃伦(Woody Ellen),在中央公园附近拥有价值上亿的Penthouse,他几年前抛弃了同居多年的女友,娶了养女为妻。虽说他老牛吃嫩草,不符伦理纲常。不过瞄一眼他们的结婚照,伍迪虽然上了年纪,可依然神采奕奕、风度翩翩;都说韩国出美女吧,而他那个小新娘呢,就是做十次整容,估计也缩短不了与美女的距离。

再来看传媒大亨默多克的忘年交。几年前,默多克以六十八岁之高龄毅然抛弃糟糠之妻,迎娶了三十五岁的广州妹邓文迪,一时传为“佳话”。依我之见,默多克身家几十亿,集团下又有电影公司、电视台,身边一定美女如云;我想邓大小姐即使不是国色天香,也至少是广东靓女吧。但从电视里一看,要按中国人民的审美标准,邓文迪也很难列入靓女的行列。

而希腊船王奥纳西斯,则可谓是“名女人收藏家”。他先是看中“世纪之莺”——歌剧女神玛丽亚卡拉斯,后又迎娶杰奎琳肯尼迪。他的这些名人老婆其实都不算漂亮,最多只能说有气质。看来他就“好”这一口儿。想想他的老婆是前美国第一夫人,也真够“牛”的。

这会儿肯定有人要问了,不对呀,新闻里不是常有富翁娶美女,妙龄少女嫁富老头吗?其实新闻工作者都知道,“狗咬人不是新闻”,“人咬狗才是新闻”。新闻报道的都不是常态。可见“郎财女貌”的婚配并不多见!

那么是不是美女碰不到大款儿呢?当然不是。我前面提到,单华尔街就群集了十多万高收入金领。只是在美国,办公室恋爱是职场大忌,稍有不慎便会冠以性骚扰的帽子,所以那些经理、主管对公司的美女大都敬而远之。不过,纽约好些公共场所倒是富翁出没之地,曾经有好事之人,在网上列出了一些酒吧的名字和详细地址,专供美女上那儿挑选如意郎君。我早已“名草有主”,不便贸然前去,不过听我一哥们儿说,那儿的美女可真是多啊!是一夜情概率最多的地方,但想找结婚伴侣,No way, don’t even think about it!(没门儿!)

为什么呢?爱思考的我,常琢磨这事儿。

我在瑞士信贷上班时,我们部门的秘书和我关系不错,有点儿红颜蓝颜知己的味儿。她对东方文化颇有兴趣,我对西方文化情有独钟,我们时常共进午餐海阔天空地聊。一次我冒昧地问:“你老公在哪儿高就?”她苦笑道:“在天上飞呢。”“不会吧?你长得这么漂亮会没有人追?”她说:“是呀,我也纳闷呢。我倒是不缺男朋友(她在这儿用‘Boy friend’,就是指有亲密关系的男性朋友),但早已到了谈婚论嫁的年纪。其实,我只想嫁个年收入过 30万的人。我周围好些小姊妹,长相如同白开水,毫无吸引眼球之处,可却大多找到了心仪的郎君,有的甚至嫁入豪门,我偏偏找来找去找不到,Why?! 你分析分析是怎么回事儿?

她的问题,我实在难以回答,便只能用中国人的说法,什么“情人眼里出西施”啦,“千里姻缘一线牵”这类话来“忽悠”她。这些话很难用英文解释,我说得真辛苦,她倒是听得津津有味,还一个劲儿地点头。

其实那会儿我已经渐渐地整理出头绪。窈窕淑女,君子好逑这种喜爱,首先是生理上的需要,上升到心理层面的爱情则是另外一码事儿。而再要升华至谈婚论嫁,那更是一种理智的选择。富人们之所以成为富人,他们的智商一定不低,情商肯定不俗,财商更是超凡。他们是一定能把性爱、情爱和婚姻分得泾渭分明的。

对好些富人而言,婚姻是一项长线投资。美女提供漂亮的外表,富翁出钱获得美色,看似一场公平的交易。但是,如果美女仅仅只拥有美貌的话,跟美女结婚就绝对不是一项划算的投资。因为美女的美貌会逐年慢慢地消失,就像买辆豪华车,车的价值在到手的一瞬间,就已经“Depreciation”(贬值)了,而富人的钱却往往会越来越多。因此,从经济学的角度讲,美女拥有的是贬值资产,不但贬值,而且会加速贬值!而富人拥有的是增值资产。如果美貌是美女拥有的唯一资产,往往十年以后她的价值可能归零!你说婚姻对于他们来说是一个公平交易吗?

真是“Great minds think alike”(英雄所见略同)。前些日子,JP摩根银行的投资顾问罗波坎贝尔先生在他的博客表达了类似的意思:“用华尔街的术语,每笔交易都有一个仓位,跟美女交往属于‘交易仓位’(Trading position),一旦价值下跌就要立即抛售,而不宜长期持有——也就是美女想要的婚姻。”

我突然想到房地产大王川普(Trump,目前正在竞选下届美国总统),他的“老婆们”倒个个是美女,而他就是遵守了华尔街的规则,隔三差五不断地“抛售”——“You are fired!”(川普名言),另娶新欢。

坎贝尔接着说道:“听起来很残忍,但对会‘加速贬值’的美女,明智的选择是租赁,而不是购入。”

说到这儿大家明白了吧,为何富翁多半儿不娶美女。他们并不缺美女,他们会经常“租赁”。

国内这些年新词儿层出不穷。比如人们将年过三十待字闺中的女子称为“剩女”。我周围亲友中就有好几个“剩女”,她们个个风情万千,用“剩”字来形容她们真是不公。我的远房表妹小倩就是这样的“剩女”。有一次回国去她家,表姨当着她的面托我在华尔街给她找个对象,我问她想要什么样的人。她头一扬:“妈,你烦不烦!宁为英雄妾,不做庸人妻!若没有上亿身家,别来惹我!”真是掷地有声!我听了这话,不禁替她捏把冷汗,只怕她有一天真的做了“英雄妾”,恐怕过不多久便会唱一出“霸王别姬”。

最后,再借用坎贝尔的话送给那些想嫁给富翁的美女们:“我劝你们不要苦苦寻找嫁给有钱人的秘方,而是多想想如何使自己不断的增值,这比碰到一个有钱的傻瓜的胜算要大得多。”

别被房子升值迷惑了,特别是公寓

2011-10-11 文/陈思进

不久前,我多伦多的朋友老盛退休了。他在退休前办妥了一件大事,那就是把自住的大房子换到了公寓楼,因为孩子都离巢而去,大的结婚,小的在美国读大学,再住大房子吧,一来体力不够,大房子不是这儿要修,就是那儿要补,北美人工高,舍不得请人来做,自己做又渐渐地力不从心;二来财力也够不到了,这些年房价一直往上涨,表面上是好事,可交给政府的地产税也水涨船高年年涨。于是便住进了“小公寓”。原本以为生活从此定好了咏叹调,就此安安稳稳的过下去了。

谁料上个礼拜天老盛给我来电话,话里话外感叹当初悔不该不听我劝,自以为作了个聪明的选择,现在才明白,为什么我会坚持租公寓,而不是买公寓住。他自称如今是湿手沾了干面粉,想甩都难。

我不用听下文,便知道是怎么回事儿了。老盛当初买公寓时,曾经征求过我的意见,那时我建议他租公寓,并分析给他听:“相当简单,如果你买的公寓租售比是120倍,买比租划算,假如租售比超过了120倍,租就比买划算了。”他反驳我说:“你开玩笑了,现在多伦多的公寓,租售比早都超过了120倍,一般都在200倍以上,哪里去找低于这个比例的。”

一听老盛这样说,我知道他已经打定主意要买了,心想再劝说也没用了,便提醒他道:“既然这样,你真想买就尽量找新公寓,地段也不能忽视,最好挑黄金地段,住腻了想出手也比较方便。”

但人啊往往是这样的,当自己想好了要怎么做,征求别人的意见,不过是得到别人的背书,从而更坚定自己的想法而已,至少老盛是这样的。我的话他并没有往心里去。他既没有买新公寓,也没有挑多伦多的黄金地段,最后选在他住惯的社区士嘉堡——华人的集聚地,买了一套两房一厅的豪华公寓,楼里有游泳池、健身房、桌球房、Party Room和屋顶阳台……他最得意的是房价居然很“便宜”,连20万加元都不到,唯一的一点瑕疵,就是管理费相对高了一点,一个月需900加元。相比其他诸多的优点,这点“瑕疵”似乎也不算什么。

但老盛万万没有想到,恰恰是这一点瑕疵,却令他越来越坐立不安。因为这栋豪华公寓建于70年代后期,是多伦多的第一代豪华公寓楼。加拿大地广人稀,人们历来习惯于前庭后院的独立洋房(house),住公寓的概念还是香港移民带来的,特别是炒楼花,掀起了公寓楼价上涨的第一波浪潮。八十年代初,大量台湾人也开始移民加拿大,以至于八十年中至九十年代初,又掀起了炒公寓的第二波热潮,房价曾经翻番,在90年代初的高位开始下跌,使好些公寓的价格一度跌去40%。转眼到了90年代后期,又轮到中国大陆人移民加拿大,令第三波炒房热潮“真正”开始了,房价、特别是公寓楼价没几年就炒到了高处不胜寒的地步,租售比高达200倍,楼价泡沫显而易见。

就拿我来说。从1998年到2001年,我在多伦多的市中心租住一套高级公寓,那时租金是1400加元,而当时那套公寓的市价约20万加币,从租售比来看,多伦多的房价尚属合理,还没有泡沫。不过因那时计划回纽约,所以租比买要合适。

七年后的2008年底,我从纽约回到多伦多,发现多伦多人的平均收入不过增加20%而已。而平均房价却涨了几乎一倍!我在市中心又租下一套高级公寓,月租1800加元,涨幅也不过20%,和收入的增长正好同比。由于这是一套刚刚落成的新公寓,管理费比较低,所以合理的租售比应该在140倍。但目前其市值是42万加币左右,除以1800,租售比高达233倍!大大超过合理价位40%以上!尽管这次回多伦多打算定居,我依然选择租房而住。请注意,加拿大房租的涨幅由政府控制,不能随意上调,同时又受到房客年收入的制衡,因此多伦多的房租从2007年到今天,几乎没有上涨。

而买公寓而居的老盛就不同了,当初900加元一个月的公寓管理费,现在已涨至每月1200加元,即便租出去,每月租金也最多1200加元,收到的房租还不够维持房子的支出,每个月还要交200多的地税,且年年看涨。为什么?因为三十多年楼龄的大厦已开始老旧,今天电梯坏,需要召开业主代表大会,决定是否花钱修理,明天泳池出现问题,又要召开业主代表开会,讨论请哪家公司来维修,后天中央空调又不行了……凡此种种都是花钱的大事。可羊毛出在羊身上,如果要修理,管理费就得看涨;如果选择不修理,那么豪华设施也就形同虚设。而且令业主无法忍受的是,修理费用总是高于预算(有些管理公司涉及利益冲突),因此业主渐渐对管理公司失去信任,双方的矛盾也因此加剧,如此恶性循环。老盛居住的大厦就出现了这种状况,怎么办呢?

有办法,就是把旧大楼推倒重来,再建一栋新大楼。可是这又牵扯到了产权问题,一栋大楼有250家住户,每一户只占1/250之份额,如果把地卖掉每一户按面积分,老盛就只能得到3、4万加元,等于亏了17万(买入价20-3=17万),业主们当然心有不甘。显然,推倒重来的方法行不通,亏大了。

于是聪明的业主开始寻找下一个买家,老盛就是其中之一。但很可惜,近来多伦多楼市出现的问题,也相继在主流媒体上报道了,业主和管理公司之间激化的矛盾,也并非个案,买主在购房之前都会查询清楚大楼的状况,毕竟买房对百姓来说是大开销。再说了,近来加拿大政府也没有钱了,脑筋也动到了房主身上。多伦多市长近日宣布,将增加地产税来填补财政赤字。

面对年年增加的管理费(不受政府管制),由政府说了算的地税,以及对房客不能随意增加的租金(受政府管制),公寓业主(至少老旧公寓的业主)便犹如待宰的羔羊,有苦说不出。

老盛最后在电话里说,“还是你分析的对。我一直以为买房总比租房好,总以为房租是白扔的,真没考虑过这么多,什么这个比那个比的(指房价收入比,房价租金比),现在仔细算算,任何商品都有合理价位,房子这个最大的商品也一样。不过,虽然我在加拿大湿手沾了干面粉,但好在退一步说,损失也就人民币百八十万。幸好没有回上海买公寓,我在这儿碰到的问题,在那儿也同样会遇到,以后回国我肯定选择租房而住!”

Small declines in kidney function may subtly affect the heart

Even slightly impaired kidney function can cause subtle damage to the heart and blood vessels, and patients should talk to their doctors about how to reduce heart disease risk, according to a new study.

Most people with kidney problems have other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, so it has been difficult to tell if kidney problems actually increase heart risk, according to senior author Dr. Jonathan Townend of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham in Edgbaston, UK.
The new study was done in healthy people who had chosen to donate a kidney to a patient needing a kidney transplant.

In these healthy donors, who go from having normal kidney function to slightly impaired kidney function, subtle abnormalities “occur quite quickly,” Townend told Reuters Health by email.

For one year, the researchers tracked 68 kidney donors and 56 similar adults who had not donated a kidney.

The transplants were done between 2011 and 2014. During the following year, based on levels of protein in urine, kidney function did decline slightly for the donors. In addition, based on magnetic resonance imaging, the left ventricle of the heart grew noticeably in kidney donors and blood tests revealed some heart damage.

Blood pressure did not change in either group, the authors report in a paper scheduled for publication in the journal Hypertension.
However, a statistically significant finding of changes in cardiovascular structure and function does not necessarily mean that patients would notice the difference, said professor Vivekanand Jha of the George Institute for Global Health in New Delhi, India, who was not part of the new study.

The abnormalities detected in this study would not require treatment, he said. “The clinical significance of these findings needs to be determined on long term studies by following up these individuals to see whether they develop any significant cardiovascular 'disease,'” Jha told Reuters Health by email. “Until then these findings indicate need for observation but (are) not of definitive clinical importance.”

“We don’t fully understand the mediators that cause the heart and blood vessel damage in people with kidney problems,” said Townend. “It may be a complex mix of factors such as low grade inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of . . . blood pressure regulating compounds (in the blood) such as renin and angiotensin.”

Severe kidney disease is rare, but as much as 13 percent of the U.S. population has some degree of reduced kidney function, he said.
“For most people with reduced kidney function there are no signs or symptoms,” he said. “It is diagnosed on simple blood and urine tests.”
People who know they have reduced kidney function should talk to their doctor about preventing heart disease, which now centers around careful blood pressure control, he said.

Kidney donors, however, should not be worried about these results.
“Kidney donation is only considered in very healthy subjects who are at extremely low risk of cardiovascular risk,” Townend said. “Even if long term cardiovascular risk is increased a little in donors, their absolute risk of cardiovascular disease probably remains lower than that of the general population.”

“I do not think our results so far should deter anybody from considering kidney donation,” he said. “It enables a fantastic life prolonging treatment for the recipient at only minimal risk to the donor.”

長期側睡誘發眼中風  倘忽略治療 69%機率併發腦中風

習慣側睡姿勢的人要小心,原來視覺神經有機會因長期受壓引發缺血,增加患上「眼中風」等各類型視覺神經病變的風險。眼科醫生表示,眼中風病人若3年內沒得到治療,有69%機率併發腦中風,並有18%死亡風險,加上此病患者近年漸見年輕化,提醒40歲以上人士每年接受眼部檢查,並盡量避免側身睡覺。

除高血壓、高血脂及高血糖的三高人士外,睡眠姿勢不當者也有機會出現眼中風。

視覺神經受壓

養和醫健眼科中心眼科專科醫生鄭智安表示,視覺神經疾病症狀常見為視野收窄、雙眼瞳孔變得大小不一、眼瞼下垂等,亦有病人的視覺出現重影,及誤將靜止物件看成正在移動,「會見到樓梯浮吓浮吓,要單起隻眼嚟睇嘢」。雖然視覺神經疾病如視網膜暫時缺血、視覺神經炎等在本港不算常見,但該院每月平均也接到2至3宗視覺神經病變求診個案。
鄭稱,嚴重的視覺神經病變可以引致眼中風,即視網膜中央動脈閉塞或缺血性病變,除了會即時喪失部份視力,50歲以下患者首7個月內更有35%機率雙眼均中風,其他病人5年內亦會有15%機率。如病人在3年內得不到治療,更有69%機率腦中風,及有18%殘障或死亡風險。

手術不能根治

鄭指眼中風多在50歲以上的三高人士發現,但長期「打側身瞓」,在分佈眼球的視覺神經長期受壓下,亦會出現缺血、缺氧等情況,或令細胞壞死而增眼中風危機。他稱眼中風有年輕化趨勢,有30多歲男士早前因視野收窄求醫,檢查後發現其中一隻眼中風,喪失部份視力,病人本身不吸煙,但膽固醇超標,翌年另一隻眼亦中風,需轉介至內科接受治療,至今視力未有惡化。

眼中風並不能以手術根治,鄭指,只能透過打針、合上眼按壓眼球等,嘗試紓緩眼球血管栓塞。類固醇治療雖具治療效果,但非所有病人適合。要預防此病他建議市民盡量避免側睡,戒煙及多運動。

另外,智能手機、平板電腦成為不少幼兒的「電子奶嘴」,學童每日使用電子產品的時間大增。該中心眼科專科醫生范舒屏警告,兒童的視覺系統於8歲才發育完成,在發育期間若過度專注看電子產品影像,不但會加深近視,日後患弱視、白內障、青光眼等風險亦大增。

本港於2011年有逾36.1%小學生患近視,亦有4%至7%小童患弱視,范估計與兒童越來越早接觸電子產品有關。她建議小學及幼稚園學童每天在課堂外不應用電子產品多過兩小時,兩歲以下幼兒則不建議接觸。

范指不少求診家長常誤以為小朋友視力好,惟檢查就發現小朋友其中一隻眼睛發育不良,另一隻眼則正常,令家長誤會沒影響視力。她建議家長可用手遮住小朋友一隻眼睛,以評估他們單眼視力。

2016年1月7日星期四

眼睛的補健

眼睛的補健 乙醯半胱胺酸 蘋果果膠

一個人如果一出生已是瞎子,從來沒看見過東西,那還罷了。若他本來是能看見的,卻有一天視力全失,於是切切實實感受到眼前的一片漆黑,遭受到的痛苦當然會較大。再者,如果他的視覺是一天一天慢慢地減退,最終才陷入無窮無盡的黑暗,過程中可能更覺難受。有一個眼病,叫「視網膜色素病變」(Retinitis Pigmentosa,RP),情況正是如此。RP是一個遺傳病,病人出生時視力正常,但會逐漸衰退。開始時,先是出現「夜盲」,換言之,看黑白的能力走下坡;之後,視野(Field of Vision)愈來愈窄;本來廣角度,成為一小圈;最後視力完全消失。
RP的問題出在「視桿細胞」(Rod Cell)。人的眼睛中有兩種感光細胞:「視桿細胞」負責接收光與暗(於是能分辨白與黑),另有「視錐細胞」(Cone Cell)令他更上一層樓,能見到多種色彩。RP病人「視桿細胞」的基因有問題。問題出於一個叫「組蛋白去乙醯酶」(Histone Deacetylase)的基因。這基因若太活躍,可令一個(由它催生出來)叫PAR P(Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase)的酵素份量太多,繼而促使「視桿細胞」死亡(Cell Death Dis., Vol. 1, pp. e24-e28),於是出事。
人的視網膜大概有一億二千萬個「視桿細胞」和六百萬個「視錐細胞」。每一次當有光進入眼睛,其中的「藍光」投射到視網膜,會刺激視網膜「感光細胞」內的「脂褐素」,令後者生產一類叫A2E的氧游離基(Plus One, Vol. 7, pp. 7:e42017)。本來,視桿細胞和視錐細胞都具有「抗氧化」的酵素,包括「過氧化酶」(Catalase)和「超氧化物歧化酶」(Superoxide Dismutase),它們有「中和A2E」的能力。但在「視桿細胞」逐漸敵不過A2E因而凋亡的過程中,情況會愈來愈壞;再者,因為「視錐細胞」的數目,只是「視桿細胞」的二十分之一,於是,「視錐細胞」最後要肩負多二十倍的「抗氧化」工作,令「視錐細胞」也招架不住而凋亡。一旦視桿細胞和視錐細胞都相繼死去,視網膜神經節(Retinal Ganglion)的細胞會趨向衰竭(J. Comp. Neurol., Vol.392, pp. 58-77),最終帶來永久失明。
有多種天然補健食品能幫助身體抗衡上述缺失。一是蘋果果膠,此物會被大腸的細菌轉為丁酸鹽,後者能抑制一個「組蛋白去乙醯酶」(Nutrition, Vol. 24, pp. 366-374),從而阻止「視桿細胞」凋亡。二是「乙醯半胱胺酸」,它能提升眼睛的抗氧化能力,保護「視錐細胞」,防止它們凋亡(J. Cell Physiol., Vol. 226, pp. 1843-1849)。三是「牛磺素」,能阻止視網膜神經趨向衰竭(Plos One, 7,e42017)。

保障視力

一個人能活多久。有人說(理論上而言)是一百二十歲;意思是說,去到這年紀,不須有突發性外在原因,身體本身的功能已告終,油盡燈枯。是不是這樣,我不懂得計算,說的人大可能是信口開河。現在一般所謂「預期壽命」(Life Expectancy),乃是統計數字,換言之,不是(將來的)估算,而是(不久之前的)平均數。這方面涉及香港的,有兩個主要資訊來源:其一是聯合國2006年的《世界人口前景報告》;另一是美國中央情報局的《世界概況》,發表於2011年。根據前者,香港的平均數在全世界排名第二,是82.2,僅次於日本的82.6;細分香港男性是79.4,女性85.1,日本則是79.0和86.1。根據後者,香港只排第八,男女分別是79.32和84.97;日本(排第五)78.96和85.72;澳門竟排第二(81.45和87.52)。
人類竭力想將壽命延長,辦法之一,是盡量避免身體組織受到來自「自然界」的傷害。能施以這種傷害的罪魁禍首之一,是氧游離基。用一個不很貼切的比喻,氧游離基「氧化」人體組織的後果,好比是蘋果暴露在空氣中(切開後)表面變成棕色。昨天說了,光線中的藍色部分(波長480nm)可以令「視網膜細胞」內的「脂褐素」(Lipofuscin)衍生氧游離基,從而令眼睛中「視桿細胞」及「視錐細胞」凋亡,造成的病叫「視網膜色素病變」(Retinitis Pigmentosa,RP),視力逐漸每況愈下。對付RP最佳(治標)的方法,是服用一些「抗氧化」的補健食品,協助細胞「中和」氧游離基;可選擇者,包括「乙醯半胱胺酸」(J. Cell Physiol., Vol. 226, pp. 1843-1849)和蘋果果膠,後者進入人體後衍生的丁酸鹽,是「組蛋白去乙醯酶」抑制劑,能抗氧化(Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., Vol. 723, pp. 107-113)。若想進一步「治本」,可設法增加多一些視錐細胞。方法之一,是將眼球的「神經幹細胞」轉化為視錐細胞。這方面有一個叫「睫狀神經榮養因子」(Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor,CNTF)的蛋白質,是「轉化」中所需的關鍵物(Plos One, Vol.5, pp.e9495)。怎樣才能令眼球中多一些CNTF?本來,眼和腦的血管中都設有一種天然屏障,防止「唔三唔四」的東西進入。CNTF卻能夠穿越這個屏障(Neurosci. Lett., Vol. 263, pp. 69-71)。另一方面,腦的星形細胞(Astrocyte)在受到一氧化氮的刺激時,能製造出CNTF(J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 288, pp. 3831-3843)。所以,服用「精胺酸」補健食品,便能令腦中的星形細胞藉「一氧化氮」製造出CNTF,後者再而穿越血和視網膜的屏障,促使眼球的「神經幹細胞」轉化為「視錐細胞」,減低RP病人失明的風險。美國國家健康局的研究員,曾在十位RP病人眼內,植入一個能慢慢滲出CNTF的小囊。半年後,三個病人的視力有明顯的改善。

Learn from Luigi Cornaro "How to Live One Hundred Years"

LUIGI CORNARO LIVED 102 YEARS

If you follow a minimal diet you can achieve super nutrition. Let's look at Luigi Cornaro, a man who at age 35 was weak, sick, and dying.

At the time, he consulted the medical heads of Genoa, Italy. He asked the doctors, "What can I do?" Finally, one smart doctor said, "Look, Luigi," (Luigi was a nobleman) "cut down on your riotous living, stop the drinking, cut out the rich food, eat as little as you can, and don't abuse your body. You can get well." So Luigi started to live what he called the "temperate life," "La Vita Sobra", the name of the book which he wrote later, The Sober Life. He reduced his foods, cutting down to twelve ounces a day of solid foods and fourteen ounces of wine divided into two meals.

Immediately Luigi began to feel better, and at the end of the year he was in perfect health, completely free of all problems, just on this small amount of food. He lived on this minimal diet from age 35 until 85.

Then his relatives ganged up on him. They said, "Luigi, you're an old man, you have to keep up your strength. You have to start eating more. Luigi, you gotta eat more!" They annoyed him so much with their advice that just to shut them up he agreed to increase his food. He increased it from twelve to fourteen ounces - that's only four tablespoons of food more. Immediately Luigi became violently ill; within three days he had a high fever. Within seven days he was near death.

So he said, "I'm through with this. I'm going to go back to my old diet." Within a few days he became well again, and he lived in a state of unbroken health and happiness until the age of 102. When he died, he died in an ideal way. He was in his rocking chair. He closed his eyes, took a nap, and didn't wake up. There was no pain or suffering, ever. His mind was clear as a bell until the very end, no senility, no memory loss. Indeed, one of the things he wrote about in his discourses was that his hearing and vision were perfect He retained all his senses. That's something you don't see today.

Okay, this is the value of a minimal diet. Now, Cornaro did not eat the quality of food that we recommend. They didn't know about the importance of fresh food in those days, the late 1400's, early 1500's. Luigi ate a little meat; he ate an egg yolk; he had panado, which was a vegetable soup with a little tomato; he had grape juice; and he had bread. He used to dip the bread in the soup. That was his diet. That's all he ate. He didn't want to eat fish because it didn't agree with him, and he didn't eat chicken. He ate a little meat. On that diet, which we natural nutritionists would call low quality, he lived to 102. I've always wondered what would have happened had he lived on our quality of food. He might have gone on to 150.

1 ounce=28.5 grams
12 ounces=342 grams
14 ounces=399 grams

LUIGI CORNARO ON "HOW TO LIVE ONE HUNDRED YEARS"

This book (How to Overcome Compulsive Habits) would not be complete without telling the classical story of an Italian nobleman named Luigi Cornaro who was born in 1467 in Padua, Italy. The remarkable story of his life has been an inspiration to countless numbers of people for almost 500 years, and it is wise that we take a close look at the lessons to be learned from a study of his experiences.

The wisdom to be gleaned deals with the following subjects:

The making of good and bad habits, and the art and state of mind one should cultivate which leads to their control. Since this is the chief subject of our study in this book, it behooves us to draw heavily upon the experience of an individual who solved his problems in a rather remarkable manner. The method he used may be applied by all individuals without exception and the same benefits may be expected by all who do so.

How an individual who was dying at 40 years of age brought himself to a state of good health in less than one year, and through the careful exercise of self-control prolonged his life to 102 years of age with the full preservation of all his faculties to the very end. The living of each day was a joy in his life at all times.

The amount of food necessary to sustain life. Since the quantity of food needed to maintain excellent health and spirits is so small, it is rather shocking to realize that all of us, with very few exceptions, overeat and produce an endless array of miseries in our lives in both mental and physical afflictions. The KEY to health and happiness is inextricably associated with the QUANTITY of food we consume daily.

Each morsel we consume beyond what is absolutely necessary to sustain life, wastes physical and mental energy at a fearful rate. If any single factor were to be considered as the most important for health and happiness, this would be it. Those who are compulsive overeaters should study, restudy and ponder deeply upon this question, for herein is contained the key to the solution of most of their daily problems. ......

PSYCHOLOGY, ENERGY AND FOOD

Our states of mind are dependent upon our health and closely related to the amount of food we consume. Dejection and melancholy are a projection into our conscious minds from our inner environment. Exhaustion of our energies by the excessive labors involved in metabolizing excess food reflects in our minds as melancholy, depression and negativity.

The psychological implications here are enormous. ......

A LONG LIFE FREE FROM SENILITY DEPENDS ON DIET

Proper diet is the most important factor in achieving a long life, one which is free from illness, senility, and decrepitude. It allows old age to be an enjoyable period of life wherein vigorous physical and mental activity is possible up to almost the very end of advanced years, without becoming helplessly immobilized and incapacitated. It allows natural death, a very rare phenomenon today, when it occurs to be as painless and as pleasant as going to sleep when fatigued. ......

HEALTH AND LONGEVITY

Let Luigi Cornaro, in his own words tell you about his most interesting findings in his chapter On Health and Longevity.

"THE MAKING OF GOOD AND BAD HABITS"

"It is a thing past all doubt that custom, by time, becomes a second nature, .....

This is so undeniably true that virtuous men, by conversing with the wicked, very often fall into the same vicious course of life. The contrary, likewise, we see sometimes happen: viz, that, as good morals easily change to bad, so bad morals change again to good. For instance, let a wicked man, who was once virtuous, keep company with a virtuous man, and he will again become virtuous; and this alteration can be attributed to nothing but the force of habit, which is, indeed, very great."

"NEVER SICK AGAIN"

"..... to lead a regular life. And it is not to be doubted that, were a patient so recovered to live in that manner, he could never be sick again, as it removes every cause of illness, and so for the future he would never want either physician or physic. Nay, by attending duly to what I have said, he would become his own physician, and indeed the best he could have, since, in fact, no man can be a perfect physician to any one but himself."

LUIGI'S RULES FOR HEALTH AND LONGEVITY

The Two Rules for Maintaining Health and Prolonging Life: These were reduced to two things, quality and quantity.

The first, namely quality, consists in not eating foods or drinking liquids harmful to the stomach.

"The second, which is quantity, consists in not eating or drinking more than the stomach can easily digest, which quantity and quality every man should be a perfect judge of by the time he is forty or fifty or sixty." .....

"I felt like singing a song after my simple meals."

Cornaro was of the conviction that no constitution could withstand excessive eating. To state it clearly, the inevitable conclusion was: "eat what you like, when you like and die young."

At ninety-five years of age Luigi Cornaro had all his faculties, as good as ever; his judgement, memory and spirits were undiminished. To the very end of his days, his life was active.

To the last moment, he continued his exhortations that all partake of the joys of small meals as a sure guarantee of physical, mental and emotional happiness.

At the age of 102, while sitting in his rocking chair, he closed his eyes in a peaceful sleep which was final.

2016年1月6日星期三

另类抗癌药


藥可以分為兩大類:第一類藥即使不太有效,吃了白吃,但病人也不會因病去世。這類藥對付的所謂「病」,包括青光眼、高眼壓、花粉敏感、骨質疏鬆等。第二類藥是用來救命的,一定要有效,否則病人會因而死亡,例子是抗癌藥。以前常用的抗癌藥,基本上屬毒藥;若不是看來能抗癌,FDA絕對不會批准藥廠出售。新一代的抗癌藥中有一類稱為標靶藥的,號稱有專效,不良副作用比較少;但非常昂貴,500元一粒、每天一粒;或2萬元一針、每十天打一針。病人當然希望能便宜一些,但藥廠堅持,說是非不得已,因為研發成本十分昂貴,加上專利期又非常短。爭持不下,病人可否自我調整,「重新定位」?換言之,從一些非抗癌的藥中,找出一些也能抗癌的藥物?(最好還是那些已過了專利期的,更便宜)。我們不妨試找一找。
有一類叫CCA (Calcium Channel Antagonist) 的降血壓藥,例如Verapamil、Nifedipine、Diltiazem。在機制方面,這些藥的功效都是在於阻止鈣進入血管的平滑肌,防止平滑肌收縮,血壓也就不會上升。但原來癌細胞很喜歡「收收埋埋」鈣質。於是,CCA竟能立奇功:因為它阻止了鈣進入血管,也就阻止了癌細胞吸收鈣;癌細胞缺乏鈣的後果之一,是會趨向「自滅」,也就是自己不想活下去了。在這方面衍生的功效,是上述三種CCA都能抑制人的腦癌細胞增生(Mol. Chem. Neuropathol, Vol.22, pp.81-95)。此外,一組香港中文大學學者發現,其中的Verapamil和Diltiazem更能抑制大腸癌細胞增生(Life Sci., Vol.65, pp.55-62)。再者,Verapamil能抑制「肺小細胞癌」(J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., Vol .257, pp.184-191);又根據另一組法國學者的研究,Verapamil亦有阻止乳癌細胞擴散之效(Br. J. Pharmacol. Vol.141, pp.610-615)。
再舉一些例子。有一個叫Nitroglycerin的藥,醫生用它替病人紓緩心絞痛已有一百三十年歷史。這藥藉着刺激一個叫Guanylyl Cyclase的酵素,能令血管壁的平滑肌舒張;冠狀動脈舒張了,心臟便可以獲得多一些氧氣和營養,令心絞痛的現象減少發生。曾有一個第三/四期「非小細胞肺癌」病人的臨牀測試,參與的病人都接受化療藥治療,基本服用的是Vinorelbine加Cisplatin;其中分兩組,一組的病人再加用Nitroglycerin藥貼;另一組不加,但不讓病人知道,也給他們藥貼,上面並沒有Nitroglycerin,用的只是所謂「安慰劑」(placebo)的「道具」。兩組比較結果,加了Nitroglycerin藥貼一組病人對化療藥的正面反應大大增加(J. Clin. Oncol., Vol.24, pp.688-694)。

2016年1月5日星期二

利用当时身高进行预测孩子身高

利用当时身高进行预测孩子身高:

公式:成人身高(㎝)=A+B×当时身高(㎝)(A为常数,B为相应系数,可在表2中查得)

举例:一个10岁半的男孩,当时身高为133㎝,在表2中查得A为71.87,B为0.75,那么该男孩至成年时身高估计为 71.87+0.75×133= 172㎝。

说明:这种方法对平均成熟型的儿童预测效果较好,误差一般小于3㎝,而对早熟或晚熟儿童可能出现稍大的偏差。

表2.预测身高系数A.B值表

年龄 男                   女                  

         A        B          A        B                

2.5    86.9    1.02     99.75   0.75      

3.5    76.76  1.02     86.71   0.81      

4.5    76       0.97     73.04   0.88      

5.5    75.44  0.91     52.22   1.01      

6.5    73.09  0.88     50.09   0.97      

7.5    71.85  0.85     51.68   0.91      
8.5    70.89  0.82     54.57   0.85
9.5    71.86  0.78     68.63   0.71
10.5  71.87  0.75     90.89   0.52
11.5  75.38  0.7       87.94   0.52  
12.5  98.97  0.52     77.08   0.57
13.5  111.68  0.42   37.41   0.8
14.5  100.38  0.47   12.4     0.94
15.5  68.02    0.64    6.57    0.97 
16.5  34.11    0.82    4.39    0.98  

投资回报简单计算方法

两大法则可估算翻番年限
72法则:
72÷(投资收益率×100)=资金翻一倍所需年限
115法则:
115÷(投资收益率×100)=资金增长两倍所需年限

糖尿病從頭說起

造藥售藥是最賺錢的生意之一,這是眾所周知的。然則什麼類型的藥最能「吸金」?排名一至五是:抗癌藥、高血壓藥、降血脂藥、糖尿藥、止痛藥。其中糖尿藥雖然現在已經有很多,藥廠還是興致勃勃地、不停研發新藥,因為愈來愈多人患上這個病,餅縱是做多一些,也不愁沒有人吃:市場只有愈來愈大。在病人來說,一患上這病就擺脫不了;如果不妥善處理,糖尿病大可以引致白內障、失明、腎衰竭、高血壓甚至腦退化(癡呆)。最新的消息是,美國莊生藥廠(Johnson & Johnson)今年3月獲美國FDA「食物與藥物管理局」批文,准它出售一個叫Invokana(學名Canagliflozin)的糖尿病藥。此藥能令J&J每年進賬約40億美元。
糖尿病可以說是「富貴」病:是患在太多(養分),而不是患在太少;病人的血中含有過量的葡萄糖,多到「漏」進尿液。不熟悉病理的人可能會感到大惑不解:若飲水過量,腎臟自會將太多的水排出體外;同樣地,若吸收了太多葡萄糖,腎不是應該也會把多餘的葡萄糖解決掉嗎?事實上非如此。若血液中有太多葡萄糖,糖分與血液中蛋白質化合,會衍生一類「晚期糖基化終端物」(Advanced Glycation Endproducts,AGEs);後者能損害眼角膜、視網膜、腎小球、血管和神經。在正常的情況下,當小腸將澱粉質消化,成為葡萄糖,以及把葡萄糖送到血液中之時,肌肉細胞等會快速吸收血液中的糖分。於是,血液中不會有太多的葡萄糖,也就不會出現AGEs。這個所謂「吸收」之舉,乃是由細胞主動的,血液中的葡萄糖不會自發地走入細胞中。肌肉細胞表面有一些叫Glucose Transporter-4(GLUT-4)的「葡萄糖接受體」負責把血液中的葡萄糖「拖」入細胞中。若肌肉細胞沒有足夠的GLUT-4,便會出現糖尿病。再者,所謂肌肉細胞「表面」的GLUT-4,本來是獃在細胞內的。是憑一個由胰臟分泌的「胰島素」(Insulin),透過肌肉細胞表面的「胰島素接受體」,刺激到細胞的一個酵素(又稱為「激酶」Kinase),將GLUT-4從它的細胞質(內部)搬到其細胞表面。從上述的機制可見,是有三個關鍵點主宰着糖分的物流,令有足夠的糖分能去到目的地,多餘的則能適當地被處理掉,不致於留下來,造成不當的壞後果。這三個關鍵點在於第一,有適量的胰島素;第二,有足夠的GLUT-4;第三,有「將血液中餘下來糖分」解決掉的能力。因此,目前研發出來用以對付糖尿病的藥,其藥效分別針對(一)刺激胰細胞分泌胰島素;(二)增加細胞的GLUT-4;及(三)把多餘的血糖排出體外。
胰島素的分泌
葡萄糖怎樣「由食物中產生後進入血液、再而由血液進入一般細胞內」的過程。其中涉及兩個關鍵性的操作,包括(1)胰島素如何生成,和(2)胰島素如何令細胞建立「收貨」的機制(牽涉到一個叫GLUT-4的「葡萄糖接受體」),以便能將血液中的糖分拖進細胞內。在這兩個操作中,若有阻滯或不善之處,可以令一些剩餘(細胞吸收不到的)糖分,(不當地)滯留在血液中,從而引致「血糖」過高,再彰顯成為「尿液中有糖」現象,我們稱之為「糖尿病」。身體「三個應付糖尿病的關鍵點」,包括第一,須有適量的胰島素;第二,須有足夠的GLUT-4;第三,須具足夠能力,令血液中不存有「餘下來的糖分」。從這三個關鍵點切入,西醫「如何醫理糖尿病」的原則性方向:目前已研發出來、用以對付糖尿病的藥,其藥效主要在於提升身體三個功能,分別是(一)刺激胰細胞分泌胰島素;(二)增加細胞的GLUT-4;及(三)把多餘的血糖排出體外。在其後的兩篇文章中,我岔開話題,先談及「包裝」,繼而談到「預告」系統,為的是要替「解釋胰島素如何生成」鋪路。今天可以來一個總結,言歸正傳。
胰臟中的細胞,是怎麼樣分泌胰島素的?當胰細胞製造出胰島素之後,先是把胰島素「包裝」起來,換言之,將其儲存在一些小泡(我們稱之為「囊泡」Vesicle)之中。當胰細胞受到刺激,這些小泡會黏附上(胰細胞)細胞膜的內壁。在這時候,小泡的泡膜,會與胰細胞的細胞膜,互相融合,從而產生一個「胞吐作用」(Exocytosis)。胞吐作用可令胰細胞的細胞膜生出缺口;於是小泡內的胰島素,便會被「逐出」胰細胞。然則胰細胞是受到了什麼刺激,驅使它們這樣做?刺激來自一些化學物,叫「鈣」。如果有鈣湧入細胞的內部,會刺激到細胞內的「攜鈣素」(Calmodulin),後者促使胰小泡黏附在它的細胞膜之內壁,令胰島素被送出胰細胞。再問下去:為什麼無緣無故,可令鈣湧入細胞的內部?答案是:胰細胞表面的鈣通道被打開了;而最奇妙的,是這個「鈣通道被打開」的後果,正正來自「血液中有糖分」這個原因;兩者之間,原是有直接因果關係的。具體情況是:一方面,小腸在吸收葡萄糖時會分泌一個叫GLP-1(Glucagon-Like Peptide-1)的小蛋白質。GLP-1隨血液去到胰,「預告」胰臟會有血糖接踵而來,令胰細胞表面的「鈣通道」打開;另一方面,血糖進入了胰細胞,也會開啟它的「鈣通道」。
助胰島素分泌的藥
「糖尿病」形成的原因之一,是胰臟沒有正常的胰島素分泌;換言之,分泌量太少。一方面,小腸在吸收葡萄糖時會分泌一個叫GLP-1(Glucagon-Like Peptide-1)的小蛋白質。GLP-1隨血液去到胰,「預告」胰臟,會有血糖接踵而來,令胰細胞將它表面的「鈣通道」打開。另一方面,血中的葡萄糖(血糖)進入了胰細胞,會被其中的「粒線體」轉為能量,之後,能量被儲存起來。隨着血糖升高,能量儲存也會愈多,令胰細胞表面的「鉀通道」逐漸關掉,以致造成「電位」(Electrical Potential)的改變;此改變亦可促使細胞表面的「鈣通道」開啟。當胰細胞表面的鈣通道被打開後,會有「鈣」湧入細胞內部,從而刺激到細胞內的「攜鈣素」(Calmodulin)。後者可以促使一些胰小泡黏附在它細胞膜的內壁,令胰島素被送出胰細胞。什麼是胰小泡?這是一些「囊泡」Vesicle,好比是「袋」或「包裝物」,其中藏有胰島素。當胰細胞受到(鈣的)刺激,這些胰小泡會黏附上(胰細胞)細胞膜的內壁;接着,小泡的泡膜,會與胰細胞的細胞膜,互相融合,從而產生一個「胞吐作用」(Exocytosis),再而令胰細胞的細胞膜生出缺口;於是小泡內的胰島素,便會被「逐出」胰細胞。
上述乃分泌胰島素的過程;其中的機能若有差錯,會直接減少胰島素的分泌:「缺乏胰島素」,乃是糖尿病的主要成因之一。這方面有兩個特效藥,分別叫Diamicron(學名Gliclazide)和Januvia(學名Sitagliptin);它們(透過不同的機制)能令「胰小泡」黏上「胰細胞細胞膜的內壁」。再進一步剖析:Diamicron做的工作是附上胰細胞表面的一個「SUR-1接受體」,為的是關掉細胞表面的「鉀通道」,從而開啟它的「鈣通道」;至於Januvia,則能更乾脆地開啟「鈣通道」。總而言之,兩者的藥效,都在於幫助胰細胞分泌胰島素。上文談及到,GLP-1亦可令胰細胞表面的「鈣通道」打開。不過,人體中自然地產生的GLP-1,可以很快被一個叫DPP-4(Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4)的酵素分解掉。有一間叫Amylin的藥廠,用人工合成方法造出了一個(能抵抗DPP-4)像GLP-1的藥,叫Byetta(學名Exenatide)。不過,這個藥有缺點,它不能口服(只能皮下注射),又可能令病人嘔吐。美國的默克藥廠(Merck)則推出了一個能抑制DPP-4的藥,叫Januvia。若DDP-4被抑制了,「負負得正」,GLP-1乃可充分發揮其功能,刺激胰細胞分泌胰島素。
胰島素抗拒
在一個人的身體中,有很多肌肉細胞,它們都需有葡萄糖,才能活下去。每當這人吃了東西,食物消化後產生很多葡萄糖,於是有糖分走進血液。但這些糖分不會自動走進細胞中。身體中有一些處於胰臟的細胞。這些胰細胞很有本領。它們有一些能「從血液中取糖」的「工具」,叫GLUT2,就生在自己細胞表面。於是胰細胞能很容易拿到血糖,正是「唾手可得」。胰細胞有了糖之後,能分泌一些叫胰島素的東西。憑這胰島素,肌肉細胞懂得利用到「私藏」起來(放在細胞內)的GLUT4,而且學胰細胞一般,懂得把GLUT4放在自己的細胞表面,於是也就能從血液中取糖分。之後GLUT4功成身退,回歸到細胞內部。待下一次血液中再次有糖分充斥時,胰細胞的胰島素,令肌肉細胞重新部署GLUT4,將血糖盡情吸收。後者若不是這樣做,它們可取不到糖分;這還是小事。葡萄糖留在血液之中,會跟隨血液全身到處遊走,去到某一些器官,可能闖禍。這情況叫糖尿病。
很多糖尿病患者的病因,在於胰細胞「分泌胰島素」的功能有缺失之處。怎樣可以補救?也有另類的糖尿病患者。他們的胰臟能正常地分泌胰島素;問題乃是在於他們的「肌肉細胞」無法將GLUT-4從細胞質搬到細胞表面,造成一個所謂「胰島素抗拒」(Insulin Resistance)現象。這種現象是可以惡性循環的。因為若是有多餘的糖分,身體會是盡可能不將其排出體外,而是會將餘下的葡萄糖以「三酸甘油脂」的形式,儲存在一些脂肪細胞內。當脂肪細胞裝滿了「三酸甘油脂」,它們會分泌一個叫TNF-Alpha的蛋白質;後者更能抑制肌肉細胞搬運GLUT-4。這就是為什麼肥胖的人更容易趨向患上糖尿病。
糖尿病藥與補健
身體「三個應付糖尿病的關鍵點」,包括第一,須有適量的胰島素(驅使細胞,起動「將血液中的糖分拖進來」的機制);第二,須有足夠的GLUT-4(GLUT-4致「葡萄糖接受體」是細胞「吸收糖的工具」);第三,須具足夠能力,令血液中不存有「多餘的糖分」。
從這三個關鍵點切入,如何醫理糖尿病的原則性方向:目前已研發出來、用以對付糖尿病的藥,其藥效主要在於提升身體三個功能,分別是(一)刺激胰細胞分泌胰島素;(二)增加細胞的GLUT-4;及(三)把過多的血糖排出體外。現在市面已有很多糖尿藥,但藥廠還是興致勃勃地、不停研發新藥,因為愈來愈多人患上這個病,餅縱是做多一些,也不愁沒有人吃:市場只有愈來愈大。還有,糖尿病患者一旦開始依賴藥物,大可會是一生擺脫不了;對藥商而言,無異長期飯票。糖尿病患者自應「爭氣」,想辦法「自強不息」,利身體、亦利荷包。該怎麼辦?上一篇說了,最佳方法是令糖分少入多出:包括少吃澱粉質(Starch)的食物,同時多做運動,將身體中多餘的葡萄糖消耗掉。另一方面,在藥物以外,不妨求助於一些天然補健食品。
現將之前介紹過的藥總結一下,也順便提及一些相關的「膳食補充劑」Dietary Supplements,以供參考。首先,能幫助胰島素「走出」胰細胞的西藥,有Diamicron(Gliclazide)和Januvia(Sitagliptin),這藥的功效,都在於能促使胰小泡、黏上「胰細胞」細胞膜的內壁,產生「胞吐作用」(exocytosis),從而將其內的胰島素分泌出來;這方面的「膳食補充劑」是「肉鹼」(L-Carnitine)。其次,若糖尿病患者進入了「胰島素抗拒」階段,換言之,不是缺乏胰島素,而是細胞「不為胰島素所動」,不往血液中取糖,西醫會開Glucophage(Metformin),藉提升「AMP激酶」(AMPK)抑制一個PTP酵素,從而協助肌肉細胞安排GLUT-4到它的細胞表面而進行「收貨」的工作。尚有新一代的糖尿藥Avandia(Rosiglitazone)和Actos(Pioglitazone),但有導致脂肪肝之虞。補健食品方面,洋葱素(五羥黃酮Quercetin)和苦瓜素(Triterpenoid)都能提升AMPK。第三,若血液中的糖分太多,可求助於一個叫Invokana(學名Canagliflozin)的糖尿病藥。這個藥能令體內已吸收的葡萄糖不能成單糖(於是吸收不來);另一方面,讓體內多餘的血糖像垃圾般排走,不被「撿回來」。不過,Invokana對心臟有不良副作用,服用時不妨同時輔以「乙醯肉鹼」(Acetyl-L-Carnitine)和「精胺酸」(L-arginine)。

注意血糖水平 升糖指數(GLYCEMIC INDEX)

高升糖飲食與糖尿病 香港人食無定時,不時會因為過了正常用餐時間而感到飢餓,結果往往一下子進食太多,這樣會為身體帶來許多不良影響,例如令血糖水平急升、身體容易肥胖等,飲食習慣實在有待改善。對於期望控制體重或糖尿病者而言,除了一般飲食習慣外,就更應關注食物的「升糖指數」,以免對身體健身構成更大的壓力。
高升糖飲食與糖尿病
所謂升糖指數(Glycemic Index),是指人體進食碳水化合物後2小時內血糖的上升幅度,升糖指數越高,血糖的升幅越大。對於不同的含醣類(碳水化合物)成分的食物,其升糖指數都各有不同,對身體的血糖水平亦會產生不同程度的影響。大體而言,食物的升糖指數可分為三級,包括最低級別的的低升糖指數(55或以下)、高一級的中升糖指數(56-69),以及最高級別的高升糖指數(70或以上)。
食物的升糖指數分級如下:
低升糖指數:55或以下
中升糖指數:56-69
高升糖指數:70或以上
當一個人進食了高升糖指數的食物進入身體後,這些食物會迅速在小腸內分解,導致血糖水平急劇上升。在此情況下,正常身體的胰島素細胞會因為受到血糖上升的刺激而大量分泌胰島素,目的是讓血糖下降至正常的水平。然而,相關的糖尿病研究指出,胰島素細胞若經常受到高血糖的刺激,其分泌功能將逐漸減弱,甚至喪失分泌功能。換言之,身體沒有足夠(或完全欠缺)胰島素來維持血糖水平的平衡,而缺乏充足的胰島素或將引致2型糖尿病。
保持穩定血糖水平
高升糖指數食物產生的另一影響是,受刺激而分泌的胰島素會抑制身體分解脂肪,同時亦加速體內脂肪囤積,引致肥胖。由於血糖水平不穩定,亦容易使人產生飢餓感,結果進食份量比平時大增,最終導致體重上升。
相反,低升糖指數食物可減慢消化速度,延長及增加飽肚感,避免過量進食,並達至管理體重的目標。另外,低升糖指數食物對血糖水平的影響較輕微,有助控制血糖的穩定性。
由此可見,糖尿病患者應多選取低升糖指數的食物,而避免進食高升糖指數的食品,並且配合均衡飲食以控制血糖水平,減少出現併發症的機會。
在注意健康的同時,當然亦希望保持飲食的樂趣,而純天然植物提煉的「日本卡宜天然糖」口味極佳,尤勝砂糖,正是糖尿病或關注體重人士的健康之選。它可以用來代替砂糖,絕不影響血糖水平,而且零卡路里。產品已獲多個世界級組織,包括:美國FDA及世衛認可其天然成分,安全可靠。無論是用於冷熱飲品、烹調煮焗及烘焙糕點,日本卡宜天然糖都十分適合。

UNTESTED TREATMENTS FOR LONGEVITY, AND HOW TO TEST THEM

Tests with human subjects require decades, and are impossible to control, so the gold standard for testing claims for treatments that delay aging is the controlled trial with rodents, usually mice. Each treatment is applied to about 50 mice for their 2-3 year life span, and an equal number of controls is housed in identical circumstances. The total cost for a single experiment can run over $200,000, and what we get for this is two full mortality curves, with and without treatment.
You already know that aging research is the most cost-effective in medical science. Medical costs rise steeply with age, and delaying aging by even a small amount carries enormous benefits in avoided suffering, in lives, and in medical costs. Research on life extension treatments in mice is grotesquely underfunded by any reasonable accounting of costs and benefits.
So there is a backlog of treatments that show promise, but we just don’t know yet whether they work. I’m going to list a dozen of my favorites and then propose a novel scheme for testing them at minimal cost. The proposal is to run a rough screening for important increases in lifespan, using a small number of mice, and later to determine the full mortality curves for only the most promising treatments. Further gains in cost-effectiveness can be realized by testing the treatments 2 or 3 at a time. This leaves a lot of disentangling for the statisticians, but math is cheaper than mice. And there is an important fringe benefit: What we really want to know is how to combine treatments to extend health span longer than is possible with any single treatment. Almost nothing is known about how various life extension treatments interact, and it’s high time we started learning.
Here’s my suggested list
Epitalon/Epithalamin
MitoQ/SkQ
Lapachone
Spermidine
Berberine
Dinh lang (Policias fruticosum)
Pterostilbene
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (sold as “AMPK Activator” by LEF)
NAC
Ashwagandha
Turmeric/curcumin
C60
Where do these ideas come from?
The most creative science is also the highest risk, and for that reason is underfunded in today’s economic environment. There are herbs and roots from traditional Chinese medicine and the Indian Ayurvedic tradition; there are experiments run in small, low-budget labs and experiments from Russian universities that will not be given credence until they are validated in Western labs. The ones I am featuring today are substances that I happen to know about, and the universe of promising treatments could be greatly expanded by any expert in Oriental medicine.
A new database of life span studies has recently been announced, to be hosted atgeroprotectors.org. There is an existing catalog of life span studies in animals atlifespandb.sageweb.org, which seems to be unavailable as I write this.
Epithalon/Epithalamin
Decades ago, Vladimir Anisimov of the Petrov Institute in Leningrad began testing purified extracts from pituitary glands for health and longevity benefits. In a lifetime of research, he has found many promising substances. At the top of the list is an extract from a region of the brain known as the epithalamus. The natural extract is known as Epithalamin. The active ingredient is thought to be a short peptide or micro-protein with just 4 amino acids, which Anisimov named Epithalon. In a series of experiments over the years, Anisimov finds life extension in rodents ranging from a few percent to 30%. Treating 70-year-old humans with the extract, Anisimov reports that their mortality rate is cut in half.
MitoQ/SkQ
This is a molecule akin to CoQ10, attached to a positive charge which causes it to be pulled into mitochondria. I have written about it previously here and here. The molecule was developed as a research tool in the 1970s by Vladimir Skulachev and Russian colleagues, and later was recognized for potential health benefits by Michael Murphey and Robin Smith in New Zealand. Skulachev has tested his product SkQ in mice and claims modest life extension. A New Zealand company began selling their version, called MitoQ last year, based on experiments that show improved wound healing and neuroprotective benefits in mice.
Beta Lapachone
Tomas André introduced me to Lapachone a few weeks ago. His French company has begun to promote the science on a web site, though they do not offer it for sale as yet. It is a tri-cyclic molecule extracted from bark of the Pau d’arco tree in the Amazon rain forest. In preliminary studies, it has shown potential promoting arterial health, as a cancer treatment and modifier of the energy metabolism. Most impressive is one study in which the survival curve of mice treated with beta lapachone seems to improve over caloric restriction.
Spermidine
Autophagy is the name of the cell’s main clean-up process, eliminating accumulated wastes. Spermidine promotes autophagy, and is found in many foods. As an anti-aging agent, it has been championed by Frank Madeo of University of Graz. He reports dramatic life extension in worms and flies, and smaller life increases in life span for rodents.
Berberine
Metformin is a diabetes drug that increases insulin sensitivity and dramatically lowers cancer risk. Mice fed metformin live longer. Berberine is a naturally-occurring polycyclic molecule that reportedly has many of the same benefits. It is extracted from the goldenseal root, which has been used in Native American and other cultures as a natural remedy and has been championed by Jonathan Wright, In some studies, berberine improves on metformin both in its effect on glucose metabolism and in improving the lipid profile in the blood. Like metformin, has anti-inflammatory benefits, but it is not known whether it can slash cancer risk as metformin has been shown to do. Recently, concern has been expressed about increased risk of Alzheimer’s in patients taking metformin, and we don’t know how berberine might do on that score.
Dinh lang (Policias fruticosum)
Dinh lang is the Vietnamese name of a traditional herbal remedy. The Parkinson’s drug sold presently as Selegiline or Eldapril or Emsam began life with the name deprenyl. In the 1960s, it was studied by a Hungarian doctor named Joseph Knoll. In one of Knoll’s studies, dinh lang was combined with deprenyl, with the result that each separately extended life span in mice, and two together synergized so that life extension with both was more than the sum of the two separately. I have not seen other studies of dinh lang, and do not know where it can be purchased, or whether it has a place in traditional Chinese medicine.
Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene is a chemical cousin of resveratrol. Both are naturally-occurring, with trace amounts in grapes, wine, blueberries and other berries. Both are a kind of natural anti-biotic, produced by plants as a self-defense when they are threatened by fungal infection.
In 2003, Resveratrol made a splash in the press after an MIT lab discovered that it activated a class of SIR genes associated with longevity. There were high hopes for resveratrol when it was found to lengthen life span in yeast, worms, fruit flies and fish. Performance in mice, however, was disappointing, with life extension only for obese mice on a high fat diet. Pterostilbene appears to have similar activity to resveratrol, but it is much better absorbed and has greater affinity for its target, so it is used in smaller quantities. Pterostilbene deserves to be tested for life extension potential in rodents.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum
This is the powdered leaf of a traditional Oriental medicinal herb, recently popularized by Life Extension Foundation, which promotes it under the name “AMPK Activator”. In human and rodent studies, it improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood sugar. In studies with fruit flies, it modestly increases life span, but it has not yet been tested for life span effect in rodents.
N-Acetyl Cysteine
Glutathione is a first-line mitochondrial antioxidant, and it is the only antioxidant for which there is any evidence of life span extension. Unfortunately, we cannot absorb glutathione orally, and NAC has been promoted as the next best thing, as the body uses it to make glutathione. A study from Jackson Lab reports significant life span extension from NAC in male mice, but it comes with a warning about reliability of experimental protocol. Here is a study that reports that NAC can slow the loss of brain cells in aging mice.
Ashwagandha
Withania somnifera is an Indian root herb that is used as a longevity aid in the Ayurvedic tradition, and is reported to have anti-cancer benefits. It is a common ingredient in those herbal mixtures that promote telomerase without astragalosides (Product B, PrimalForce, Telo-100, ProxyStem).
Curcumin
Curcumin is an extract from the curry spice turmeric that has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is one of the best herbal anti-inflammatory agents, and has been found to extend life span in flies and worms. Based on epidemiology and cell cultures, a role in preventing Alzheimer’s Disease has been proposed for curcumin.
C60
Buckminsterfullerene is a spherical molecule made of 60 carbon atoms that was hiding in plain sight before being discovered in the 1980s. Based on one spectacular report of life span extension in rats three years ago, it has been adopted by people willing to experiment on themselves, who share their experiences, for example, on the Longecity web site.
Pathways and Interactions
In some cases, we expect combining treatments to be a kind of duplication of effort. It may be that the net benefit of A and B is just A. For example, many of the treatments that are known to extend life span work through the biochemical pathway of insulin sensitivity and the glucose metabolism. There are only a few years of human life available from this pathway, and once we add those years, no amount of tinkering with the insulin pathway will get us any more.
Conversely, if we can indeed address two pathways that are fundamentally different, then we expect positive synergies. It may be that the net benefit of A and B together is greater than A+B.
We have a handful of interventions that reliably extend life span in mice: besides dietary treatments such as caloric restriction, protein restriction and intermittent fasting, there is rapamycin, metformin, aspirin, maybe TA-65, some short peptides and various anti-inflammatories. Very little is known about their interactions, and yet there are humans (some of whom read this column) who are not waiting for the data, but doing all these things at once.
Experimenting with multiple treatments
I think it is important both to gather information about new treatments individually, and to begin collecting information about how they combine and interact when applied together. So I have put together an experimental plan using pairs of treatments. Since the number of pairs is much larger than the number of treatments, I propose using a small number of mice for each treatment. For example, with 12 treatments, there are 66 pairs of treatments. If there are just 5 mice assigned to each pair of treatments, that’s 330 mice in all–a manageable number. This is a modest experimental effort compared to the potential for new information about 12 treatments and their interactions. With just 5 mice for each treatment pair, the statistical power for each combination is low. But there will be 55 mice receiving each one of the 12 treatments, so information is there, and the math can extract it. With so few mice, we will not be able to get the clean survival curves that have become the gold standard for testing treatments in mice. But with a technique called incremental multivariate regression, it is possible to untangle the data and determine which are the most promising treatments, and how they are likely to work in combination.
I have begun to circulate this proposal with people who are best able to implement it, and others who are best able to find funding for the project. In coming weeks, I’ll let you know what happens.